Term
|
Definition
- slime animal
- may or may not be cnidarian
- 300 or more multicelled simple parasites |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Myxozoa that causes whirling disease in salmon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- flat animal
- Trichoplax is one and only species
- free living sheet of cells, propelled by cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Sponges:
- calcera (calcareous)
- hexactinellida (glass)
- desmospongiae (Bath) |
|
|
Term
| Sole freshwater Porifera family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- outer cell layer of porifera
- can be specialized to form pores: porocytes
- can be contractile: not true muscle cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| move through mesohyl layer in porifera, responsible for reproduction, spicule formation, food particle transport, digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collar cells in porifera. use flagellum to whorl and create water currents, food is trapped in collar |
|
|
Term
| What do spongin and spicules do? what are they made of? |
|
Definition
give structure and support.
spongin: made of collagen
spicules: made of calcium |
|
|
Term
| 3 different body plans of porifera in increasing order of complexity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cysts of coagulated amoeboid cells survivng after death of adult poriferan that germinate in good conditions |
|
|
Term
| sexual reproduction in Porifera |
|
Definition
- gametes from meiosis of diploid cells
- sperm broadcast to water, oocytes released/retained in mesohyl
- zygotes become flagellated larvae, settle and develop to juvenile sponges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no equivalent of blood/respiratory surface, all cells "on their own" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- hydrozoa
- scyphozoa
- cubozoa
- anthozoa
- staurozoa |
|
|
Term
| What do all classes of cnidarians share? |
|
Definition
| radial symmetry, stinging cells called cnidocytes, diploblastic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acellular layer between epidermis and gastrodermis in cnidarians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gastrovascular cavity: like stomach, villi to increase surface area and cilia creating currents to move food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternation of generations in cnidarians; sessile with ASEXUAL reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternation of generations in cnidarians; free living male/female with sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larval stage of cnidarians |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| class of small, predatory animals belonging to the Cnidarians. nematocysts are in upper layer only. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A capsule within specialized cells of certain coelenterates, such as jellyfish, containing a barbed, threadlike tube that delivers a paralyzing sting when propelled into attackers and prey. Also called stinging cell. |
|
|
Term
| gamete release in hydrozoans |
|
Definition
| directly to water, not via GV cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| example of hydrozoan, polyps form colonies with some becoming specialized. displays alternation of generations with male or female medusa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| freshwater species of hydrozoan with no medusa stage, but does budding or meiosis to produce offspring or gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrozoan that is a colony of different specialized polyps (gas bag, defence, reproduction, feeding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True jellies, class of cnidarians with nematocysts in gastrodermis and epidermis. has cellular mesoglea. medusa stage predominates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inward oriented edge that the medusae of sycphozoa lack |
|
|
Term
| Sea Wasp, box jelly, stinging nettle |
|
Definition
| examples from scyphozoa and staurozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sea anenomies and corals that lack medusa stage. have muscular GV cavity. make up 2/3 of cnidarians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| class anthozoa, collection of polyps joined together by calcium secretions |
|
|
Term
| protists are considered 2 things that seems somewhat conflicting. what are they? |
|
Definition
| - both ancestors of animals and animal like organisms themselves |
|
|
Term
| why is euglena an exception in protozoa? |
|
Definition
| is autotrophic with chloroplasts, but moves around alot so is considered protozoa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structural supporting tissue in animals, connective tissues that are the defining features of multicellular animals (NOT protozoa) |
|
|
Term
| what 4 things make protists unlike animals? |
|
Definition
- no collagenn
- no chitin
- no extracellular matrix
- unicellular |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 features seen in most protozoa: |
|
Definition
- pellicle: MT based network under plasma membrane
- cytopharynx: mouth like region that brings food particles inward and food particles processed by endocytosis
- cytophyge: anus like region, vacuoles emptied here by exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| what is a main difference between marine and freshwater protozoa? |
|
Definition
marine: in osmotic equilibrium
freshwater: have contractile vacuole to expel extra water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asexual reproduction in protists, means multiple fission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeding groove characteristic of the excavata supergroup of protists, brings in food particles with posterior flagellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fornicata, Parabasalia, Euglenozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes giardiasis - cysts excreted in feces, in subgroup FORNICATA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trypanosoma brucei: causes sleeping sickness, in subgroup EUGLENOZOA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary projections for locomotion |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of pseudopodia; characteristic of the amoebozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tubulinea, acanthamoebidae, entameobida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amoebozoa, subgroup tubulinea
- usually harmless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intestinal inflammatory disorder that causes severe diarrhea; caused by entamoebia histolytica |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes dystentery; part of protozoan supergroup amoebozoa, subgroup ENTAMOEBIDAE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes liver abscess in humans; caused by an amoeba from subgroup ENTAMOEBIDAE, aka DYSENTERY |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 characteristic features of Amoebozoa? |
|
Definition
- amoeboid movement via lobopodia
- multinucleated
- mitochondria with tubular christae |
|
|
Term
| 2 groups in supergroup Rhizaria |
|
Definition
| Foraminifera and Radiolaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supergroup Rhizaria; produce chalk tests that are abundant in marine deposits (mermaid's pennies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supergroup Rhizaria; radially symmetric, porous capsule that filopodia extend through |
|
|
Term
| Difference between filopodia and axopodia? |
|
Definition
| filopodia are thin pseudopodia; axopodia are a subtype of filopodia that are supported by microtubules |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Rhizaria |
|
Definition
- thin pseudopodia: filopodia or axopodia
- planktonic unicellular or colonial forms
- produce hard shells (test/capsule) that remain after death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hard shells of Rhizarians that remain after death, abundant in marine deposits |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristic features of the chromalveolata? |
|
Definition
- very diverse group: mixo, auto, and heterotrophic
- all contain a UNIQUE PLASTID |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 subgroups of the alveolata and what is the actual supergroup? |
|
Definition
supergroup CHROMALVEOLATA
subgroups: dinoflagellates, apicomplexa, ciliophora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- pigmented protists eg: Gymnodinium
- part of supergroup CHROMALVEOLATA, subgroup ALVEOLATA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have apical complex: they are PARASITIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of group APICOMPLEXA
- cause toxoplasmosis, picked up from feces of domestic cats and is transmitted from asymptomatic mother to baby where it can be damaging/fatal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of group APICOMPLEXA
- causes Malaria; transmitted by mosquitoes |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Ciliophora |
|
Definition
- part of supergroup CHROMALVEOLATA
- some of most complex protists
- distributed in fresh and marine
- ciliated for locomotion and feeding
- rigid pellicle
- cytosome
- dimorphic nuclei: macro and micro nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ciliated protists, part of CILIOPHORA group under supergroup CHROMALVEOLATA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feasts on Paramecium; both part of ciliophora group under supergroup CHROMALVEOLATA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for stinging and grasping food in the Ciliophora; under supergroup CHROMALVEOLATA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common in Ciliophora, under supergroup chromalveolata: known for complex feeding strategies, tube sucking up other protozoan's guts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| micro and macronuclei, characteristic of the ciliophora under supergroup chromalveolata |
|
|
Term
| protists are a ____ group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when did the first true animals arise? |
|
Definition
| 600 mya: beginning of Cambrian period |
|
|
Term
| What was the cambrian explosion? when was it? |
|
Definition
| about 530 mya, beginning of all major phyla |
|
|
Term
| how many different eukaryotic clades (plants, fungi, metazoa, etc..) independently acquired multicellularity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many times did multicellularity arise in the lineage leading to animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothesis for origin of multicellularity; ancestral protists [choanoflagellates] came together in group aggregation and differentiated into two layered radial ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells failed to separate following cell division, forming multinucleate syncitium that eventually separated into cells, forming bilateral ancestor |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 things required for the transition from unicellular to multicellular? |
|
Definition
| adhesion of cells, cell to cell communication, transcriptional control of gene expression |
|
|
Term
| Cadherins: what are they an example of? |
|
Definition
example of preadaptation for multicellularity; animal proteins that allow cells to attach to each other
- preadaptation: choanoflagellates have 23 genes that encode for this protein |
|
|
Term
| What do choanoflagellates have a preadaptation for with 23 genes? |
|
Definition
| 23 genes that encode for cadherins: animal adhesion proteins |
|
|
Term
| How do cells with the same genome become different from each other? why is this important? |
|
Definition
| important for specialization of cells in multicellularity; become different through transcriptional control of the genome |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about origins of animal multicellularity? |
|
Definition
| last common ancestor of mammals lacked a cell wall, unlike plant cells - permitted for direct communication and membrane-membrane interactions |
|
|
Term
| What had to evolve very early on because of the nature of cell boundaries in animal cells? |
|
Definition
| Na-K-ATPase: needed osmotic balancer because animal cells lacked a cell membrane and needed to control cell volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major component of extracellular matrix that supports cell structure in multicellular animals, ECM is major feature of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is most important pat of the evolution of gene regulation? |
|
Definition
| transcription factors controlling development |
|
|
Term
| What is the tyrosine kinase receptor an example of? |
|
Definition
| evolving novelty & complexity: family of receptors from gene domain shuffling giving new functions |
|
|
Term
| What are stem cells an example of? |
|
Definition
| Cellular differentiation at INDIVIDUAL CELL LEVEL, control of each separate cell's genome allows them to differentiate into NK cells, monocytes, B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of 1 or more different types of cells SPECIALIZED for a specific function |
|
|
Term
| What happened early in vertebrate evolution that allowed for evolutionary success of this lineage? |
|
Definition
| 2 rounds of whole genome duplication that twice doubled the repertoire of genes available to be manipulated in large scale genomic events, driving evolutionary success. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| single cells, no organization in embryonic development (like phylum porifera) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only endoderm lining gut; body cavity that is not well lined with mesodermal membrane |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| true mesoderm lining gut (edge called serosa), organs suspended by mesenteries |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| in cnidarians and ctenophora, coeloms are not possible with this organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first mouth - mouth forms at embryonic blastopore
- includes all phyla from weeks 1, 2, and 3
- deuterostomes contain echinodermata and chordata, hemichordata, xenoturbellida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second mouth - anus forms at embryonic blastopore, mouth forms secondarily |
|
|
Term
| coral reefs cover less than ___ of ocean bottom but harbor more than ___ of all marine species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stony corals from phylum cnidaria; class anthozoa, whose epithelial cells secrete calcium carbonate living symbiotically with algae that fix carbon for the animal host [zooxanthellae] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clownfish secondarily use cnidarian defence mechanisms - anenome fish kills and eats parasites and feces feed anenome; anenome provides defence with stinging cnidocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 90 species, comb jelies, sea walnuts, sea gooseberries - use COLLOBLASTS (sticky bits); DIPLOBLASTIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sticky structures used for prey capture in ctenophora |
|
|
Term
| true or false: ctenophora have cnidocytes |
|
Definition
| FALSE - instead have colloblasts |
|
|
Term
| What type of symmetry to ctenophores have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is not a feature of ctenophora:
a) gastrovascular cavity
b) dioecious
c) nerve net
d) true muscle cells
e) comb rows for locomotion
f) pair of anal pores
g) luminescence |
|
Definition
| all are true except for dioecious --> they are actually MONOECIOUS! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eight rows of fused cilia on ctenophora used for locomotion |
|
|
Term
| Anal pores of ctenophora: significance? |
|
Definition
| paired anal pores on ctenophora are interpreted by some to be homologous with the anus of bilaterians |
|
|
Term
| What two groups are protosomia divided into? |
|
Definition
| lophotrochozoa (have lophophore feeding structure) and ecdysozoa (molting) |
|
|
Term
| When can the difference between coelom and pseudocoelom be seen? |
|
Definition
| only during embryogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roundworms: pseudocoelomate - internal hydraulic skeleton, only longitudinal muscle, cuticle coats body |
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Term
|
Definition
Phylum Nematoda
- most dangerous nematode: 95% infected with it in Africa
- commonly known as giant intestinal roundworm, causes Ascariasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phylum Nematoda
- Guinea worm: a threadlike parasite
- adult lives under skin in foot, causes itch and person puts foot in water to contaminate water when female releases larvae |
|
|
Term
| T or F: nematodes use fish, pork, people, and lizards as common hosts |
|
Definition
| fish, pork, people yes - lizards no! false! |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 phlya that are famous for dessication tolerance? |
|
Definition
| Nematodes, rotifers, tardigrades, brine shrimp = arthropoda, crustacea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- first observed Rotifers in 1702
- refered to them as animalcules that came to life under microscope from the leaf debris in his gutter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "wheel bearers" with ciliated corona that creates feeding currents, can survive dessication and rough conditions for 59 years! |
|
|
Term
| T or F: rotifiers eggs are dessication tolerant so that the species can live even if the adults die in dry conditions/ |
|
Definition
| false! adults are also dessication tolerant, live in "suspended animation" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- slow steppers/water bears
- live in detrius, lichens and moss
- oral stylets pierce cells and animal drinks fluid |
|
|
Term
| how do tardigrades deal with water loss? |
|
Definition
| they repack their internal organs, can also tolerate other environmental and chemical stressor |
|
|
Term
| true or false: anhydrobiosis has an effect on life span |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what life stage of rotifiers and tardigrades are most tolerant to environmental stresses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is induced when dessication toleraters are in dry conditions? |
|
Definition
| trehalose and LEA - protective roles that replace the job of water |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 classes of Platyhelminthes and their common names? |
|
Definition
Turbellaria - planarians
Monogea - flukes
Trematoda - flukes
Cestoida - tapeworms |
|
|
Term
| What makes the 3 classes of parasitic platyhelminthes good at being parasites? |
|
Definition
| monoega, trematoda, and cestoida have all developed a tegument |
|
|
Term
| What type of coelom do platyhelminthes have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is diffusion important for platyhelminthes? |
|
Definition
| they have no respiratory organs: diffusion is possible because they are so thin |
|
|
Term
| Describe platyhelminthes nervous system |
|
Definition
much more complex than more primitive phyla, for moving and sensing external
- ocelli - eyes
- anterior ganglia = "brain"
- cephalization |
|
|
Term
| T or F: all platyhelminthes have a complex digestive system with specialized regions in the digestive tract with different enzymes and chemicals |
|
Definition
| FALSE: only turbellaria have this; parasitic platy's have incomplete or absent guts |
|
|
Term
| What is the advancement in excretion made in platy's? What problem does it solve? |
|
Definition
| protonephridia - first kidney - solves challenge of osmoregulation in freshwater - flame cells have beating cilia that filter fluid through a tubule for excretion through nephridiophore |
|
|
Term
| T or F: most platyhelminthes are monoecious. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Turbellarians are (mono or dioecious?) they sometimes lay eggs in ______. (direct or staged) development is common. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two subclasses of fluke in Trematoda and why are they different? |
|
Definition
1. Aspidogastrea: use opisthaptor ("velcro")
2. Digenea: use suckers focused in one region |
|
|
Term
| Syncitium: role in platyhelminthes? what is it? |
|
Definition
| continuous layer of cells, forms tegument in parasitic platyhelminthes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer organic layer of cells that insulates parasitic flukes from phyla monogea, trematoda, and cestoidea from the host's enzymes and immune system |
|
|
Term
| T or F: parasitic platy's will make their host more timid, hiding from predators in order to extend the host's life span. |
|
Definition
| FALSE. common theme in parasitism makes the host less able to evade predator, ie, brain jacking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PHLYUM:Trematoda
- common liver fluke parasite
- lives in vertebrate liver as adult, eggs shed in feces
- live as miracidium in water
- infect snail host
- become cercaria in water
- encyst as metacercaria on grass
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PHYLUM: Trematoda
- caused by parasitic Scistosome fluke
- adult lives in human bladder, small intestine, or liver
- eggs shed in feces, hatch on exposure to water
- miracidium swim, penetrate second snail host
- sporocysts mature in snails, cercaria released into water
- penetrate feet of human walking in contaminated water
- 200 million people globally infected, especially sub saharan Africa - more common in sub/tropical areas rather than north america |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- yellow grub
- common in freshwater fish, bass
- cercaria formed in snail
- invade fish skin/muscle becoming metacercaria
- fish eaten by bird and matures into adult worm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Black Spot
- fresh water fish
- causes host to produce melanin to surround metacercaria |
|
|
Term
| Life cycle of trematode fluke stages |
|
Definition
| eggs --> miracidia --> [second host] --> sporocysts --> free swimming cercaria --> metacercaria cysts [possibly on plants] --> [usually vertebrate host] --> adult fluke --> [fluke reproduction] --> eggs shed in feces |
|
|
Term
| T or F: scolex is a mouth that the Cestoides use to attack to their host. |
|
Definition
| false: scolex is not a mouth, only an attachment organ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tapeworms: endoparasites of vertebrates that live in the intestine, all stages lack mouth or digestive tract and absorb nutrients across membrane. can be up to 25 m long. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Cestode proglottids |
|
Definition
- long series of compartments each with 1/2 sets of reproductive tracts
- male bits mature earlier in proglottid that is farther down the worm, stopping self fertilization
- sperm is transferred via the cirrus, copulatory organ like penis, into another proglottid |
|
|
Term
| Describe Cestode reproduction |
|
Definition
- Gravid proglottids shed in feces
- eggs are ingested and transform into ONCHSPHERE
- enters blood, then muscle, becomes CYSTICERUS in muscle until eaten
- attaches, with scolex, to intestine when mature adult and cycle starts again |
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