Term
| what is the difference between primary and secondary literature? |
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Definition
primary literature- directly from journal article
secondary- from a book or literature |
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Term
| Biological special concept |
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Definition
| a reproductive community of populations that occupies a specific niche in nature |
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Term
| typological (morphological) species concept |
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Definition
| the acredited pre-darwinian theory that species are classes defined by the presense f fixed, unchanging characters shared by all members. |
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Term
| evolutionary species concept |
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Definition
| single lineage of ancestral descendant populations that maintain its indentiy from other lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate; differs from the biological species concept by explicitly including a time deimension and including asexual lineages. |
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Term
| What is Binomial nomenclature? who started it? how should the species and genus name be presented? |
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Definition
| The linean system of naming species in which the first word is the name of the genus (first letter capitalized) and the second word is hte specific epithet (uncapitalized) usually and adjective modifing the name of the genus Both of these words are written in italics. |
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Term
| what is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? |
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Definition
| prokaryotic lack organelles and nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| why are most cells so small? what happens to surface area as a cell get bigger? what hppens to volume as a cell gets bigger? |
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Definition
- they can perform at maximum efficiency
-as the cell gets larger the surface area increased as well as the volume
- there has to be enogh surface area from nutrients to service the whole cell |
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Term
diffusion:
- simple
-facilitated
-osmosis |
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Definition
- simple- no energy is exerted, substance movement in and out of the cell
-facilitated- no energy required high to low concentration
-osmosis- diffusion of water over a semipermeable membrane (selectively) |
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Term
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Definition
| small molecules fored across a semipermeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| - low concentration to high concentration. requires energy |
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Term
| endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis) |
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Definition
pinocytosis- "cell drinking" non selective, requires energy
phagocytosis- "cell eating" solids material
exoytosis- expelling particle |
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Term
what does it mean if a cell is...
-isotonic
-hypertonic
-hypotonic |
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Definition
- isotonic- same concentration inside the cell as outside the cell
-hypertonic- cell shrinks- greater concentration outside the cell than inside the cell
- hypotonic- greater inside the cell than outside |
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Term
what is the main function of the collowing tissue types
-epithelial
-connective
-nervous
-muscle |
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Definition
- epithelial- lining or cover (skin)
- connective- wraps and cussions organsims, support and bind. (tendons and ligaments)
- nervous- transmits electrical currents to help cells communicate (brand cells)
muscle- allows movement propels material thought tubular structure (intenstines) |
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Term
| what is a tissue? what is an organ? |
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Definition
| tissues make up organs, which make up systems to performs and overal function |
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Term
-chromosome
-gene
-allele
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Definition
- chromosome: tightly wound bundle of DNA
-gene: a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein
-Allele: alternate forms of a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
homozygous- same alleles (AA)
herterozygous- different alleles (aA) |
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Term
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Definition
monomorphic- only one type of structure type
polymorphic- more than one structural type |
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Term
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Definition
- genotype: the total set of genes present in the cells of an organism
-gene pool- collection of all the alleles of all the genes in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| - cisual expression of alleles (ex: brown eyes) |
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Term
Which pre-darwinian theory of evolution follows the "inheritance of acquired traits"?
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Definition
| lamarckism: inheritanec of acquires traits |
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Term
| What is uniformitarianism? Why was this hypothesis inportance to Darwin? |
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Definition
| - species change as their surrounding do, its important to darwin becuase its explains the formation of new species over time |
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Term
| What was the beagle and why was it important? |
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Definition
| - the ship that took darwin to the galabagos islands |
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Term
Defines each of the following and give evidence for each of them...
-perpetual change
-common descent
-multiplication of species
Gradualism |
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Definition
-perpetual change: the world is constantly changing, forcing animals to change too (ex. fossils)
-common descent: all forms of ife come froma common ancestory (homologies)
-multiplication of species: species evolve into new species (ex: speciation)
-gradualism: changes do not happen over night- they are an accumulation of small changes (ex: gradualist model) |
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Term
| in your own words what is natural selection? |
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Definition
| The interactions between organismal character variation and the environment that cause differences in rates of survivl and reproduction among varying organisms in a populations; leads to evolutionary change of variation is heritable. |
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Term
| Why was Malthus important for Darwin and his theory of natural selection? |
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Definition
| - economist who wrote up the humans struggle to survival (the struggle for existance) |
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Term
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Definition
| change over time that makes organisms life easier in the environment |
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Term
| what are the four tenets of natural selection? |
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Definition
1. more organisms are produced than can survive
2. variation within populations
3. variation is heretable
4. survival and reproduction are not random |
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Term
| what is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? |
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Definition
-micro: change in allele frequencies over time (example: isolation, difference environmental conditions)
-macro: large scale evolutionary change |
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Term
Define each of the following processes microevolutionary processes:
- genetic drift
-population bottleneck
-founders effect
-mutation
-sexual selection |
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Definition
- genetic drift: (small population)random in small population, change in allele frequences due to change in events
-population bottleneck- changes of allele frequences due to reduction of population size
-founders effect- (very small population) colonization of a small population (colonization of island or patch by a group of individuals)
-mutation: stable and abrupt change of a gene; the heretable modificaiton of an organism
-sexual selection- he struggle for mates exist among males |
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Term
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Definition
| - animals with high genetic fitness are those favored by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| - evolution change on a grand scale |
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Term
| what is allopatric speciation? what has to happen for this to occur? |
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Definition
| - new species are formed by dividing an ancestral species into geographically isolated sub populations that evolve reroductive barries between them through independent evolutionary divergence from their common ancestor. |
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Term
| What are the different levels of the hierarchy of ecological systems? |
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Definition
- organism
-population
-community
-ecosystem
-biosphere |
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Term
| What is shelford's law of tolerance? |
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Definition
| - environment factos vs. success |
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Term
| What is a niche? what is the difference between a realized and fundamental niche? |
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Definition
- the relationship between a population and its environment
-realized- what is occuring in real life
fundamental- what the animal can tolerate |
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Term
| what is the difference between the three types of survivorship curves? which curve is characteristic of human populations, why? |
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Definition
I: living long age and then dying (humans)
II: environment affecting lifestyle
III: man environmental factors affect lifestyle |
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Term
| what can the age structure tell you about a population? |
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Definition
| - how many organisms were born vs how many survive. (shows the effects environmental conditions have on different populations) |
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Term
| What is carrying capacity? |
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Definition
| - how many individuals an environment can support |
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Term
| density dependent factor, give example. |
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Definition
- density dependent factor- influence on individuals in a population aries with the degree of crowding within the populations
example: tem, percipitations, catastrophic events, places to live, food scarcity. |
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Term
how does each of the following interactions influence the species involved?
- predator/prey or parasite/host
-commensalism
-mutualism |
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Definition
- predator/prey or parasite/host: one benefits and the other is adversely affected
-communsalism: symbiont benefits, but host in uneffected
-mutualism: both host and symbiont benefit |
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Term
define...
-niche overlap
-competitive exclusion
-character displacement |
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Definition
- niche overlap: a comparism f two species that quantifies the proportion of each species resources also utilied by other species
-competitive exculsions: two species with similar niches cannt exist together
-character displacement: difference in morphology or behavior within a species caused by competition with another sepcies. |
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Term
-camouflage
-cryptic coloration
-countershading
-aposematic coloration
-mimicry |
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Definition
- camouglage: animal looks like/blends in with environment
-cryptic coloration: animal looks like environment
-Countershading: blends in with environment
-Aposematic coloration: brightly colored (warning)
-mimicry: animals take advantage of other animals coloration |
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Term
What is a species called that has a disproportionately large impact on an ecosystem relative to its actual biomass in the ecosystem?
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Definition
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Term
| A parasite that lives in the body of another animal is called a? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
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Definition
- autotroph: assimilates energy via sunlight or inorganic compounds
-heterotroph: an organism that uses organic (once living) materials as nutrients and energy |
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Term
| how does energy flow through the ecosystem? is it efficient? |
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Definition
- Sun --> producers --> herbivores --> carnivores
- only 10% energy is passed onto the next level, 90% is lost. |
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Term
What are the different levels in the hierarchical organization of animal classification?
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Definition
1. protoplasmic: bound single cell
2. cellular: single cells that work together
3. cell tissue: groups of cell coordinating with one another
4. tissue- organ (ex:heart)
5. organ system: multile organs (ex: digestive system) |
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Term
| describe the different levels of symmertry that we discussed |
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Definition
- asymmetrical: no line of symmetry
- spherical
-Radial
-bilateral |
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Term
| What are the implications of radiate symmetry for an organism? |
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Definition
- low mobility
-confront environment equally from all direction
- less complex systems |
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Term
| what are the implications of bilateral symmetry for an organism? |
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Definition
- anterior end confront environment
- controlled movement
-differential of dorsal and ventral regions |
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Term
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Definition
| - the process where theres a concentration of cencory organs and or appendiges concentrated at one end. |
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Term
| what are the differnect planes that cut a bilaterally symetrical organism? |
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Definition
- frontal
-transverse
-sagital |
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Term
what is unicellular of protoplasmic organization? what type of organism exhibits this level of organization?
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Definition
-single cells or cellular aggregates
-no tisssues
-not does not apply symplicity
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Term
| what is diploblastic organization? what tissue layers are present in diploblatic organisms? |
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Definition
- bodry party are organized into layers derived from 2 embryotic tissue layers.
1. ectoderm
2.. endoderm |
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Term
what is triploblastic organization? what tissue layers are present in triloblastic organisms?
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Definition
- they contain all three layers
2. ectoderm
2. mesoderm
3. endoderm |
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Term
| what is the coleom and why is it important? |
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Definition
- coleom- body cavity, organ development, more surface area for diffusion, storage (reproductive cells and organs)
hydrostatic skeleton- increased body size |
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