Term
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Definition
Regulating the internal environment in the face of external changes.
Performance by hormonal and nervous systems |
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Term
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Definition
-Osmoregulators: Adjust osmolarity; pump water in or out; pump ions in or out
-Osmoconformers: Don't adjust osmolarity; Includes most marine invertebrates
-Takes a lot of energy to regulate, but limits abilites also |
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Definition
-Maintain proper concentration of solutes in it cells
-Catabolic reactions often use hydrolysis (starch broken down by amylase) |
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Term
| Salt vs. Freshwater Osteichthyes |
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Definition
-Salt water fish have osmotic water loss and salts diffuse in (sea water 35ppt and fish 10ppt of salt); concentrated urine; excretion of salt ions thru gills
-Fresh Water Fish have water enter by osmosis and salts diffuse out (fresh water 0.5ppt and fish 10ppt of salt); dilute urine; uptake of salt ions thru gills |
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| Special Fish in regards to salt homeostasis |
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Definition
1. Chondrichthes: Are isotonic by having 100X normal urea; ameliorated by TMAO(trimethylamine oxide)
2. Anadromous Fish: Salmon gills can reverse Cl- pumps; Other migrators can also (like shrimp); Use ATP to function |
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Term
| Terrestrial Animals and Water |
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Definition
-Gain water by drinking water and eating food
-Metabolic water is gained by catabolizing fats and carbos(desert rodents)
-Reduce water loss by body surface(skin), increase turbinal surface(in nasal cavity), and concentrate urine with ADH(antidiuretic hormone) |
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Definition
-Metabolic cost vs. water conservation
-uric acid solves problem of embryo waste disposal because water insoluble(don't need water to pass)
-Urea(medium complexity) and Ammonia (least complexed)use water to pass
-Tubules: Reabsorb nutrients and reabsorb water by pumping ions back
-Bladders: Stores wastes; May reabsorb water and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
-Invertebrate Systems
-Protonephridia: In Acoelomates; Pump is ciliated flame cell; Some tubule reabsorption; wastes exit nephridiopore
-Metanephridia: Fluids enter ciliated nephrostome; Lots of tubule reabsorption; Wastes exist nephridiopore |
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Term
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Definition
-Invertebrate System
-In terrestrial arthropods
-Tubules absorb wastes and H2O |
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Definition
-Vertebrate System
-Hydrostatic Pressure causes the Glomerulus to leak ions, sugars and A.A.(amino acids?) into Bowman's capsule
-microvilli: Increase surface area to take up nutrients
-Isn't a straight tube; It hs two convoluted tubule regions
-proximal and distal tubules have mitochondri and microvilli
-Kidney has 10^6 nephrons |
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Term
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Definition
-Reabsorbs water
-Antidiuretic hormone revisited
-Salt concentration increases from cortex to medulla
-Associated with the nephron and the bowman's capsule |
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Term
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Definition
-False dichotomy because cold blooded creatures can have warmer blood than warm blooded creatures at specific times
-Homeotherms: Constant Body Temperature; Endotherms; Activity is temperature independent; Food demands are high
-Heterotherms: Variable Body Temperature; Ectotherms; Activity is temperature dependent; can occupy low food habitats |
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Term
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Definition
-Convection: air
-Radiation: Sun
-Conduction: Rocks
-Evaporation: Breathing, Sweating |
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| Body Temperature and Enzymes |
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Definition
-Affects Activity and Physiology
-Brain Function: Maze
-Locomotion: Hot vs Cold Lizard
-Digestion: Bask after meal
-Heat denatures enzymes |
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Definition
-Shiver or Torpor
-Even ectotherms have parts of their body that retain stable temperatures
-Small body=Increased metabolism |
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Definition
-Behavioral: Change microhabitat like seek sunor shade; Change s/v ratio like curl up or stretch out
-Morphological: Endotherms insulate with far, fur and feathers; Shed when not needed; Darken skin with melanin |
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Term
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Definition
-one gram of h2o=540 calories
-Panting, sweating, licking and urinating on legs
-Turbinal cooling oryx; systemic blood cools to enter brain |
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Term
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Definition
-Vasoconstriction: ears and fingers; diving Galapagos marine iguanas
-Vasodilation: ears of jackrabbit |
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Definition
-Appendages lose heat; in marine mammals too
-Gills lost heat; sharks and tuna |
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Definition
-Biochemical Adaptations
-Polar birds: Unsaturated fats and in leg phospholipids to stay liquid and functional
-Polar Fish & others: Antifreeze alcohols(glycerol) lower body fluid freezing point; ice-binding proteins
-Hibernation & Torpor: Endotherms in cold environments have lower body temp
-Nerves and Hormones: Frogs' nervous system senses ice and triggers adrenaline rush by hormone system; cells freeze last; in live glycogen converts to glucose which flows to organs |
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Term
| Control of Homeostatic Processes |
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Definition
-Endocrine System: For long term control; chemical signal is carried by blood stream
-Nervous System: For short term control; electrical signla is carried by nerve cells |
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Definition
| The circulatory fluid of certain invertebrates, analogous to blood in arthropods and to lymph in other invertebrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A short polypeptide hormone, C43H66N12O12S2, released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, that stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle of the uterus during labor and facilitates ejection of milk from the breast during nursing. |
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Definition
| A parenchymal, secretory cell of the parathyroid gland. A cell in the lumen of the gastric fundic glands. |
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Definition
| Food regurgitated from the first stomach to the mouth of a ruminant and chewed again. |
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Definition
| A plasma protein that is converted into thrombin during blood clotting. |
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Definition
| an excretory cell with a bunch of cilia that expel wastes to the outside; the actions of the cilia somewhat resemble a flickering flame, as in certain flatworms |
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Term
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Definition
Specifically, calcitonin reduces blood calcium levels in three ways:
* Decreasing calcium absorption by the intestines
* Decreasing osteoclast activity in bones
* Decreasing calcium and phosphate reabsorption by the kidney tubules
Its actions, broadly, are:
* Bone mineral metabolism
o Prevent postprandial hypercalcemia resulting from absorption of Ca++ from foods during a meal
o Promote mineralization of skeletal bone
o Protect against Ca++ loss from skeleton during periods of Ca++ stress such as pregnancy and lactation
* Vitamin D regulation
* A satiety hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| A steroid hormone produced by insects and crustaceans that promotes growth and controls molting. |
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