Term
| Circulatory System Components |
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Definition
1. Circulatory Fluids
2. Vessels
3. Pump
4. Valves |
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Term
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Definition
Transport to and from cells:
1. CO2 and O2
2. Nutrients and metabolites |
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Term
| Types of Circulatory Systems |
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Definition
1. Ciliated
2. Open
3. Closed |
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Term
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Definition
-Use cilitated body cavity for circulation
-Gastrovascular System: Cnidarians and Platyhelminths(ciliated with branching extensions)
-Water Vascular System: Echinoderms(ciliated with extensions for respiration) |
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Term
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Definition
-Have dorsal vessel pumping blood mixed with lymph
-Hemolymph exits doral vessel into body cavity and returns via ostia or veins
-Arthropoids and molluscs
-Drawbacks are backwaters and eddies cause poor oxygenation and poor diffusion gradients |
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Term
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Definition
-Connect arteries and veins by adding capillaries
-Better circulation means higher activity levels
-Earthworms |
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Term
| Invertebrate Closed Systems |
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Definition
-Cephalopods have three hearts; one for each gill and one for the body
-Annelids have even more hearts
-Invertebrates' heart is from dorsal vessel |
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Term
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Definition
-Heart is from ventral, not dorsal vessel
-Vein to Atrium to Vetricle to Artery
-No pumping mechanism after capillaries to raise pressure |
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Term
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Definition
-Fishes
-Systemic blood isn't pressurized
-If the heart is working harder, it will receive blood that has less O2
-Fill capillaries and sysemtic capillaries, artery, vein and heart |
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Term
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Definition
| -In Amphibians and some reptiles(snakes and lizards)
-Two atria and one ventricle where blood gets mixed
-Greater systemic pressure for hihger activity levels
heart gets fresher blood
-lung and skin capillaries and systemic capillaries
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| -Crocodilians, birds and mammals
-Pulmonary circuit; no mixing of oxyenated and deoxygenated blood
-Fully oxygenatged blood to organs and fully deoxygenated blood to lungs
-Lung capillaries and systemic capillaries
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
-Everywhere in Body
-Only <1% open at any one time; 2000mm^2
-Surface area is 1000 square miles
-Most sphincters are relaxed
-Leaky because one-celled thick
-Allows diffucsion of nutrients and gases
-Hydrostatis pressure forces blood out
-oxmotic pressure recaptures much of it
-The rest is caught by the lymph system |
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Term
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Definition
-Lost fluids are recaptured by extensive open-ended lymph ducts
-skeletal muscles pump those recaptured fluids to the heart
-Defends against antigens/germs |
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Term
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Definition
| -Skin and cilitate mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
-Inflammation, Clotting and Phagocytosis
-Raptured mast cells at injury site release histamines, which attract WBCs(phagocytes and macrophages) and also dilate capillaries which makes them leakier
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Term
| What are the steps in the Clotting Process? |
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Definition
1. Plateletes
2. Clotting Factors
3. Prothrombin
4. Thrombin
5. Fibrinoen
6. Fibrin: fibrous protein; forms clot
-Leukemia victims lack plateletes and Hemophiliacs lack clotting factors |
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Term
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Definition
-Inside the lymph nodes, which is why the doctor feels the throat
-Eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages,etc.
-Each type specializes on a class of invader
-Macrophages and dendritic cells are main phagocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-Slower respones to specific microbes
-B-cells: made by bone marrow; also from spleen; against extracellular pathosgen like bacteria
-T-cells: made by thymus; against intracellular pathogens like viruses |
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Term
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Definition
-Fast response to a broad range of microbes
1.External Defenses: mucous and skin
2.Internal Defenses: Inflammation, natural killer cells, Phagocytic cells, and antimicrobial proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-Variable; Some have antibodies that match antigens(from pathogens)
-Antibodies are surface protein of B-cells; tag pathogen for destruction
-Antigen: Antibody generators
-A b-cell whose binding site matches an antigen is said to be "selected"; it clones into many cells and two cell types result: Attacking plasma cells or Long-lived memory cells(idle plasma cell factories) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Causes neutralization, agglutination(clustering of antigens, precipitation(make solid) or simply rupturing |
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Term
| Secondary Immune Response |
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Definition
| -Get a disease you get natural immunization
-Immunization: injecting chemical or heat inactivated antigens
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
-Put Vaca in Vaccination
-Cow pox helped protect from small pox
-1796 |
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Term
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Definition
-Evolve to avoid detection; Most pathogens change surface proteins so memory cells don't recognize them
-pathogesn have shorter generation time and evolve faster than their larger hosts
-AIDS: intracellular invaders and T-cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Like B-cells; have diverse antigen receptor sites and come in two different functional types
-Helper T Cell: Help B-cells
-Cytotoxic T Cell: MHCs label diseased or cancerous for attack by these |
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Term
| Major Histocompatibility Complex(MHCs)Genes |
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Definition
-Have ~100 alleles
-Each MHC molecules type presents a different type of antigen for T cells to recognize as alien
-Gene polymorphism increases chances of matching antigens, so higher MHC diveristy the higher the disease resistance |
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