1. notochord (vertibrae or backbone)

2. pharyngeal gill slits or pouches (middle ear cavity, tonsils)

3. Dorsal tubular nerve chord (forms brain)

4. post anal tail

Hydrodynamic

Mucus to glide through water

Tailfin-caudal

dorsal fin

pectoral fin

pelvic fin

Predators

2-chambered heart

swim bladder-maintaining buoyancy

lateral line

ampullary organs of Lorenzi (sharks!)

saltwater- hypertonic, drink, concentrated urine

gain salts at gills

freshwater- hypotonic, never drink, lose salts at gills feces and urine

exrete dilute urine

1. oviparous-lay eggs

2. ovoviparous-live birth (eggs inside)

3. viviparous-placenta like

L-lack jaws and paired apendages, persistant notochord, filter feeders as larvae, parasites as adults

LSSR-cartilage skeleton, notochord replaced by vertebral column

special scales: placoid

teeth=modified placoid scales

lack scales, nails/claws

bone is stronger than fish

3-chambered heart-2 a 1 v

double circulation

ectothermic

eggs-jelly like membrane

skin-keratin -(toads more=worts), highly glandular

moist skin

holds mating frogs together

chromatophores in dermis

3 breathing surfaces (amphibians)

And other breathing qualities

1. Lungs

2. Tissues that line the mouth cavity

3. Diffusion through skin

Breathe w/ positive pressure

1. nostrils open & floor of mouth lowers

2. Nostrils cloe, floor of mouth raises

3. Nostrils open abdominal contract pushing air out

Nictitating (eyelids)

Tympanic (ear)

External

Amplexus

Shelled, amniotic egg

internal fertilization

most oviporous

scales

skeleton is stronger than amphibians

3 chambered heart (n/crocs)

secondary palate (hederodont dentition)

incisors, canines, premolars, molars-broad and flat

Dental formula:# of teeth in one half of upper and lower jaw

deciduous-babyteeth

permanant

diastema-gap (goats)

insectivores-bats, anteaters, aarvarks,

herbivores: Ruminants: regurgitate; cows, deer, sheep

Nonruminants: rabbits, koala, horse

large cecum

omnivores: bears, pigs

hair (most)

mammarg glands

3 ear bones

heterodont denition (different teeth)

skin: epidermis-relitively thin outer layer

dermis: thicker underlayer

pelage-coat of fur

guard hairs-outer, pigment

under hairs- small dense insulation

molt periodically

vibrissae- sensory

hair is derived from epidermis (base is alive, end is dead)

horns: keritinized epidermis around bone core

permanent

both genders have

no branches

antlers: solid bone that develops under highly vascular skin:velvet

shed annually

usually male only

branches

eccrine: secretes water sweat for evaporative cooling

apocrine: larger than eccrine develops at puberty;milky secretion

digestion-big appetite, endothermic,

most herbivore, some carnivore, some omnivore

crop after esophogus, gizzard after crop

4 chambered heart

good respritory system

cold: fluff feathers, shiver

hot: pant, dialate peripheral blood vessels

oviporous

territorial

Pair-bonding-monogomy-seasonally

polygamy-polygyny-male and multiple female

polyandry-female and multiple male

precocial-mature moves down feathers

altricial-naked blind helpless

rely on vision and smell

reproduction: low temp-males

high temp-females

LUNGS

make up 95% of reptiles

Lizards:blink, ear holes legs sticky fingers

Snakes: don't blink can't hear well, no legs

Constriction

glottis

spectacle-protect eyes

hearing-not great sense vibrations

Jacobsens organ-roof of mouth

tongue-sense organic molecule

fangs-fold when closed

low temp-female

high temp-male

appendages modified as wings

collection of feather plumage

bones are lightened with air

all have beak

endotherms

oviporous

rehook barbs

rid themselves of paracites

spread oils,

down feathers: close to body, fluffy, hook barbules together

negative pressure

normal inhalation:diaphragm contracts, some ribs contract and elongates

normal exhalation-relaxation

forced exhalation

viviporous

estrous cycle:mammals are said to be in estrus when they are behaviorally and physiologically receptive to mating=heat

monestrous

diestrus

polyestrus

induced ovulation-the act of mating stimulates or induces the female to ovulate.

delayed fertilization-holds/stores sperm and uses it to fertilize egg later

embryonic diapause-embry ceases development after fertilization (bears, kangaroos)