Phylum Bryozoa

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Hemichordata

Three subphyla:

Vertibrata

Urochordata

Cephelochrodata

Must have:

Notochord

Pharyngeal Gill Slits

Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Tube

Post-anal tail

Class Ascidiacea

Subphylum Urochordata

Tunicates. Look like a glob of jelly.

[image]

Class Thaliacea

Subphylum Urochordata

Salps. Planktonic, sometimes forming long colonies. Some are bioluminescent.

[image]

Class Larvacea

Subphylum Urochordata

Never outgrow the larval, tadpole stage. Build a mucus house with which they catch their small prey. Once it gets clogged they just make a new one.

[image]

Ampheoxis

Looks sort of fish-like but without a well developed head. it has dorsal, ventral and tail fins that are supported by cartilaginous fibers. Has segmental musculature that is supported by the notochord. typically burried in coarse sand where it filterfeeds by drawing water through it's gill slits.

Agnatha

Subphylum Vertibrata

Jawlwss fish.

Includes:

Class Myxini (Hagfish)

Class Cephelaspidomorphi (Lampreys)

Hagfish

40 species, marine. Less than 1m long, look like eels. Mouth is surrounded by oral tenticles, which are probably sensory. Have keratinized plates on their tongues that lets them rasp away at soft tissues. Have mucus glands down their bodies. Secretes A LOT of mucus.

Look very similar to Hagfish. Have keratinized teeth in their mouths, but still no jaw. No paired appendages.

Ectoparacites - attach to the outside of another fish.

30 or so species.

Most are only found in fresh water, some are anadromous though.

Cartilagenous fish (skeleton made of cartilage)

750 species

low metabolic rate

covered in placoid scales

Smooth one way, rough the other way. Base is made of dentin, top part is made of enamel. Basically teeth.

[image]

Subclass Elasmobranch

Class Chondrichthys

Sharks and rays

Most need to swim in order to get water to flow through their gils

Heterocercal tail

Clasps onto females during copulation

Great sense of smell

Poor eyesight

Seperate sexes

Bite>bleed out>eat

Megalodon - giant extinct shark (b/c of orca)

Basking shark - largest shark - filterfeeder

rays - elongated pectoral fins

Tail with one large fin on top and a smaller one on the bottom

[image]

Subclass Holocephalii

Class Chondrichthyes

Rat fish

3in-3ft

Live in deep water

Have platelike jaws to crush molluscs

Gill slits covered by operculum

[image]

A flap of tissue covering the gils

[image]

Subclass Actinopterygii

Class Osteichthyes

Bony Fish

Came about 450mya

24,000 species

Thin fins supporte by tiny bony elements - fan

Uses trunk muscles to swim

CaPO₄ Skeleton

Mostly carniverous

Counter-shading

Swim with body muscles

Homocercal tail

Segmentally arranged muscles

Swim bladder

Seperate sexes

Skin darker on top than on bottom

Advantage: Blends in with darker water below when looking down at them, and blends in with lighter water above when looking up at it.

Top and bottom of the tail are the same size

[image]

By regulating the volume of gas inside this structure, fish can rise, sink or float.

Gas gets pumped in and out using blood vessles

Subclass Sarcopterygii

Class Osteichthyes

Lobe finned fish

Rare, only two living examples: Coelocanth and lungfish

Have more miscular fins - uses trunk muscles to swim

Arm for walking

Swim bladder with perminant connection to gut

skin and swim bladder osmoregulated

[image]

Half fish, half amphibian

Fish Features:

gills

scales

fins

Amphibian features:

rib bones down ventral seuface

neck

lungs

limbs

[image]

Tetrapods
Eyelids
4 legs - back have 5 toes, front have 4 toes
Skin is thin, smooth and moist and may contain antibacterial compounds or toxins.
Live in both water and land
365mya
Still return to water in order to lay eggs

resperation: O₂ uptake through skin, mouth and minimal lungs

legs have to do a constant push-up to stand

crawl with flank muscles

cold blooded

Were doing well until the permian extinction - 60% lost

Sound waves do not travel as well through air as in water

Tympanic membrane

Stapes migrated from fish jaw

Hair cells in the inner ear. Length determines tone.

3 U-shaped, fluid filled semi-circular canals - X,Y, and Z planes. Uses gravity system to know location in space.

Order Candata

Class Amphibia

Salamanders, Newts

350 living species

Long tail

2 pairs of limbs

Lack middle ear

 Durinf metamorphosis, they jusr lose their gills

Order Anura

Class Amphibia

Frogs, Toads

Tailless, long hind limbs for jumping

3500 species

Numbers are dwindling

First group of vertibrates to make it onto dry land.

Came about 350mya.

6,000 species.

Dry skin is resistant to water loss -have keratin scales.

Copulatory organ folded in and unfolds for copulation.

Excretes urine.

No parental care for the most part.

No diaphram, uses intercostal muscles to breathe.

Cold blooded except for dinosaurs.

Developed amniotic egg.

Order Chelonia

Class Reptilia

Turtles.

230 species.

Produced a shell, which covers most of the body.

Most live in fresh water, but some live in marine and some are terrestrial (Tortoises).

Have a hard beak for biting off food and can live very long lives.

Order Squamata

Class Reptilia

Paired copulatory organ.

95% of reptiles are in this order.

Jacobson organ - Chemosensory

SubOrder Sauria - Lizards

Can blink - movable eyelids

Most have legs.

Parthenogenic

Engage in courtship

SubOrder Serpenthes - Snakes

No movable eyelid.

Can be 30m long.

Order Crocadylia

Class Reptilia

Crocodiles

Ancient group that has not changed much over the years.

Well adapted to aquatic environments.

Homodant dentition - teeth good for catching fish.

Nostrals on the top of the head.

Laterally compressed tail for swimming.

Crocs are more agressive than alligators.

Sex of fertilized eggs can be determined by temperature.

Actually a subsection of Reptiles.

Subclass Archaeornithes - ancient birds

Subclass Neornithes - modern birds

27 different orders

9700 different species

Fossil found in a quarry outside Munich, Germany.

150 million years old.

Had claws, feathers, teeth, long tail.

Link between birds and reptiles?

1. Decreased Weight

2. Increased power

Light and Strong Skeleton

1. Fusion of bones

2. Loss of bones

3. Pneumatic bones - Hollow and thin

"Hirsute Lactogenic Viviparous Endotherms"

Four chambered heart.

Sweat glands for both cooling and scent communication.

Facial Muscles.

Excrete urea.

Enlargement of brain - especially cerebral hemispheres.

Muscular diaphram - helps us inhale and exhale.

Enuculate red bleed cells - no nucleus

Heterodant dentition

Omnivores

Order Monotremes

Class Mammalia

Only two species left:

Spiny Echidna

Duckbilled Platypus

Lay shelled eggs (oviparous)

Order Marsupialia

Class Mammalia

280 or 242 species.

Baby born prematurely - Crawls up to nipple, latches on then often goes into a pouch.

Order Placentals

Class Mammalia

16 subdivisions

3800 species

Advanced parental care of the next generation.

• Chondrocranium: Cartilege grows up from notochord (no top to skull)
• Dermatocranium:sinking of dermal plates first seen in ostracoderms and placoderms (cap on top of skull)
• First had a lot of different bones, later there was a reduction.
• Fontenelles: Soft spot on babies

Disks of bone with concentric rings.

[image]

• Amphioxis: no jaw; 100+ gill slits - filter-feeder
• Jawlwss fish: about 30 gill slits; increase in connective tissue between spaces.
• Chondrichthyes: 8 gill slits; anterior 2 lost; 3rd=jaw
• Osteichthyes: 4 gill slits; lower jaw with 4 bones
• Dentary
• Articular
• Quadrate
• Surangular

• Amphioxis: ventral heart, gill slits to dorsal aorta.
• Vertibrate embryo: all develop with 8 gill slits, than reduce. Osteichthyes have four gill arches.
• Amphibians: use skin, but develop lung.
• Reptiles: skin impermiable so increase lungs using intercostals; pieces from internal and external carotids to brain; jugular veins return.

The egg of Amniots (Birds, Reptiles and Mammals).

[image]

Allantios - collects and stores metabolic waste.

Chorion and Amnion - Airbags

Protection against mechanical damage.

Protection from bacteria.

Regulates water content.

Pigment: protects against solar radiation (absorbes/reflects heat).

Camoflage

Oxygen uptake.

• Epidermis: Ectoderm. Rests on basal lamina. Epithelium that lines the outside of an animal. Hair, scales, feathers.
• Dermis: Under epidermis. Fiberous connective tissue (Collagen, elastin, GAGs), blood vessels.
• Hypodermis: Same as dermis, but looser weave. Dermis fades into hypodermis.

Forebrain

• Thalamus: Where pons sends incoming sensory information. It then sends this information to other parts of the brain. Emotion and arousal regulated here too.
• Hypothalamus: regulates homeostasis (resperation, sleep, temperature, appitite, sex drive, heart beat, gut activity, rhythms.
• Pituitary Gland: Regulation and release of hormones.
• Cerebral Hemispheres: 80% of brain mass. Memory and learning. Folded for larger serface area.

Mid brain

Optic lobes.

Hind Brain

• Medula Oblongata: Swallowing, breathing, digestion, heart, blood vessels
• 4th ventricle: Roof has a ton of little capilaries that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
• Pons: switchboard. Information coming into the brain is told where to go here.
• Cerebellum: Coordinates movement.

Anterior

TSH (Thyroid stimulating): metabolic activity.

ACTH (Adrenal Corticaltropic): Glucose levels; fight/flight.

FSH (Folicle stimulating): egg and sperm production.

GH (Growth): growth.

MSH (Menanocycle stimulating): melanin produciton.

Posterior

Oxytosin: birth contractions; milk ejection.

Vasopressin: Kidneys (represses urine flow); Skin (represses water flow).

Involuntary muscles

Emotion regulation

Smell

Taste

Awareness of body and environment

Texture

Hearing

Short term memory

Hallucinations

Facial recognition

Speech

Writing

Calculation

"Sees the trees"

Spatial relationships

Concepts

"Sees the forest"