Term
| 1!!!!!!! What is homeostasis |
|
Definition
| maintain stable internal environment |
|
|
Term
| what organs are studied in homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| respiratory, circulatory, excretory |
|
|
Term
| what do respiratory systems do? |
|
Definition
gas exchange 02 co2
aerobic respration
oxygen consumed and co2 produced. carbonic acid biproduct |
|
|
Term
| do respiratory systems include diffusion? |
|
Definition
| yes and some form of bulk transport/flow |
|
|
Term
| what is the main stimulus for respiration? |
|
Definition
| Co2 because it will alter blood pH |
|
|
Term
aerobic respiration: the process what is it?
dont have to know specifics |
|
Definition
| glycolosis etc from bio 400 |
|
|
Term
| what is cutaneous respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an E-vaginated resp structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an invaginated resp structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is SA:Vol ration overcome? |
|
Definition
ex gills have thin walls which greatly increases surface area.
ex frog has flaps of skin |
|
|
Term
| If an animal is too big what do you need? |
|
Definition
additional mechanism of transport=bulk flow.
move fluid with oxygen in it
then diffuse! |
|
|
Term
| when do you start to need ciculation? |
|
Definition
| when animal become too large. need bulk flow for efficient diffusion |
|
|
Term
| How does ventilation work? |
|
Definition
Bulk flow>>gases>>>respiratory membrane
Diffusion across membrane>>
bulk flow>>gases to cells internally, called CIRCULATION |
|
|
Term
| what is another way to describe circulation? |
|
Definition
| bulk flow of gases ti cells internally, no external exposure. blood vessels in your body. |
|
|
Term
| why is ventilation necessary? |
|
Definition
| because diffusion wont work. You need to increase oxygen supply to respiratory structures. |
|
|
Term
| what is the boundary layer? |
|
Definition
| the layer of o2 in contact with gill. |
|
|
Term
| which is faster bulk flow or diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does diffusion occur? |
|
Definition
| only at edge next to membrane. All else is bulk flow (outside) |
|
|
Term
| HOW does ventilation work? |
|
Definition
| pumps fluid over respiratory structure(breathing ex) requires energy |
|
|
Term
| what does ventilation use to pump fluid over respiratory structure in tunicates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does ventilation use to pump fluid over respiratory structure in vertebrates? |
|
Definition
| muscular pump. Lower pressure in lung vs out. |
|
|
Term
| how does the respiratory interface with circulatory? |
|
Definition
gases transfer between external and internal fluid. SA^ thin membrane. good for diffusion of h20 but bad for on land.
ex air, water is external
ex flood, hemolymph internal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seen in animals w/open circ systems. No hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| HOw much do amphibians respire cutaneously? |
|
Definition
20 to 90 perc.
12 -bats
5 -humans |
|
|
Term
| What are internal gills associated with in vertebrates? |
|
Definition
| pharyngeal slits and arches. |
|
|
Term
| why are counter current systems found more often in aquatic animals? |
|
Definition
| to keep core temp constant by warming or cooling blood from periphery. Flow of gas or blood in opposite directions. |
|
|
Term
| counter current allow for what when speaking of oxygen? |
|
Definition
| contstant diffusion of 02 resulting in higher concentration of 02 in direction of blood flow. |
|
|
Term
| how does heat conservation work? |
|
Definition
ex African antelope
core>>>hot blood>>>periphery(edge)>>colder. |
|
|
Term
| what would be the result of blood flow without countercurrent heat exchange? |
|
Definition
| harder to maintain temperature, blood would cool at ends as opposed to the heat exchange prsence would maintain more even temperatures through out body. |
|
|
Term
| What are some other examples of countercurrent heat exchange? |
|
Definition
| whale flippers, fin, flukes, testes, turtle flippers, gull feet, arctic fox feet, noses and legs, tuna muscle, kidneys, etc. |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 sources from which swim bladder can be filled with air? |
|
Definition
| gulp air near surface or absorbed from ciculation. |
|
|
Term
| can gas be absorbed back into circulation from swim bladder? |
|
Definition
| Yes. swim bladder is already thin like resp membrane and vascular. |
|
|
Term
| what effect does increased temperatures have on o2 content in tropical freshwater? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does lungfish do during drought? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is concurrent lung less efficient than others and what is an example? |
|
Definition
| air is gulped. cutaneous respiration required because not enough o2 provided. occurs in amphibians. |
|
|
Term
| which is most efficient and common out of the 3 ventilations? |
|
Definition
| countercurrent. allows osmoregulation(regulating ion concentration) |
|
|
Term
| what is the trend of lungs for terrestrial land animals? |
|
Definition
increased lung size. Increased branching for tree
diffusion only at ends of tree. |
|
|
Term
| do branches of respiratory tree do gas exchange? |
|
Definition
| no only occurs at tips which are called alveoli sacs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main 2-3 differences in bird respiration? |
|
Definition
exchange takes place in Bronchi not air sacs.
blood is oxygenated during inspiration and expiration. bird takes 2 breaths. |
|
|
Term
| what kind of current flow do birds have? |
|
Definition
| cross current. has high arterial partial pressure than countercurrent. |
|
|
Term
why do birds not have countercurrent lungs like is most common?
or Why are stuctures not the best possible? why do pigs not have wings? |
|
Definition
EVOLUTIONARY CONTRAINT. there are multiple solutions. You have what you start with.
change is difficult. You still survive anyway so why need it? |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of constraint(evolutionary) |
|
Definition
| any result or component from ancestry that prevents prevent anticipated course of evolution. permission is natural selection altering what ALREADY exists. |
|
|
Term
| how many phenotypic variables are there for similar traits ie lungs? |
|
Definition
| many many whith varying fitness peaks. ex some things breath better than others. birds breathe twice and oxygenate blood twice as fast. |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of a circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| INternal bulk transport of oxygen nutrients secretions wasts and heat. It is fast and distance. |
|
|
Term
| what are the three main components of circulatory system? |
|
Definition
fluid> blood hemol etc
tubes- vessels, sinuses cavities
pump- heart, skeletal muscloe, cilia. |
|
|
Term
| what fluid is found in a closed system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fluid is found in a open system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of Artery/Vein? |
|
Definition
big diameter=fast flow
thick wall=no diffusion |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of a capillary? |
|
Definition
small diameter=slow flow
thin wall and much SurArea |
|
|
Term
| what is the pressure from heart to aorta? as compared to pressure in venules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functions of arteries? |
|
Definition
bulk transport
AWAY from heart |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main functions of veins? |
|
Definition
bulk transport
toward heart. |
|
|
Term
| what does skeletal muscle do in association with circulation? |
|
Definition
| pumps or squeezes blood toward heart. |
|
|
Term
| do veins have valves? and in which direction do they stop flow? |
|
Definition
| against the flow is stopped and yes obviously they do. |
|
|
Term
| what are three examples and characteristics of animals with no circulatory system? |
|
Definition
flat worm, sea anemone, jelly fish
have gastrovascular cavity.-contents not inside body. |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of OPEN circulatory systems? |
|
Definition
low pressure
fluid not completely in vessels. spillage.
diffusion at sinuses. |
|
|
Term
| what types of animals have an open circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| nematodes, arthropods, most molluscs, tunicates. |
|
|
Term
| what are some characteristics of Tunicate Circulation? |
|
Definition
U shaped heart "washing machine"
No vessls.
Pacemaker switches direction of pumping. |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of closed circulatory systems? |
|
Definition
fluid contained within vessels
diffusion at capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| What type of pressure is found in closed circ systems? and what types of animals have these? |
|
Definition
higher pressure
blood separate from lymph
ex. cephalopods, annelids, echinoderms, vertebrates. |
|
|
Term
| what is the general circulatory pattern of vertebrates? |
|
Definition
| FROM BODY..sinus venosa>atrium>Ventricle>Conus arteriosis>..gills...resp capillaries....systemic...body |
|
|
Term
| who has single circuit vs double circuit circulation? |
|
Definition
| aquatic have single, terrestrial have double. |
|
|
Term
| which aortic arches does amphioxus have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the changes in aortic arches when you get to the shark? |
|
Definition
VA1>.goes to jaws
2held jaw to skull
Vpouch1>>spiracle
Ao.A 1=SPIRACULAR ARTERY!!!! |
|
|
Term
| What is the main difference in Aor. Arch changes in lungfish? |
|
Definition
| Blood Flow can go to gills OR lungs. |
|
|
Term
| Which AA degenerates when you get to lungfish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the configuration of the AA in LUngfish? |
|
Definition
AA23456>>>gill
BRANCH off 6 to swimbladder.
...increase in size and importance of 6 |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Bimodal breathing and in which organism do they first appear? |
|
Definition
breathing through gills AND lungs.
appears in lungfish.
Duct b/w AA 5,6 responsible for switch. |
|
|
Term
| Which AA's are lost after lungfish to salamander? |
|
Definition
AA (1) and 2 are gone
ALSO connection between s tand 4 starts to be lost |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of AA 3 starting with salamander? |
|
Definition
| aa 3 becomes carotid arteries. |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of AA 3 starting with salamander? |
|
Definition
| aa 3 becomes carotid arteries. |
|
|
Term
| After salamander which AA degenerate? |
|
Definition
AA (1, 2)
AA 5 Degenerates after tadpole, (needED gills)
AA 3,4 connection carotid duct is gone |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of AA 6 after salamander to frog? |
|
Definition
| AA 6 goes to lungs and skin. |
|
|
Term
| which arches are now gone in reptiles after frogs? |
|
Definition
AA 1, 2, 5 GONE
Ductus Arteriosis degenerates but still ligament.(occurs at frog.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the signifiance of AA 3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of AA 4? |
|
Definition
| Systemic artery goes to body. |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of AA 6? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary artery goes to lungs. |
|
|
Term
| In a bird and mammal what are the arches that are left, and what is the difference between bird and mammal? |
|
Definition
AA 3 carotid, AA 4 Systemic, AA 6 Pulmonary
Bird keeps right half of AA4 while human keeps left. Aortic Arch! |
|
|
Term
| Which side AA 4 is brachiocephalic in humans as opposed to birds? |
|
Definition
| opposite of arch they keep. Human-right becomes brachiocephalic Bird-left becomes ''''''' |
|
|
Term
| generally, what are fish heart characteristics? |
|
Definition
| pumps blood in one direction. |
|
|
Term
| generally, what are amphibian heart characteristics? |
|
Definition
| double circuit, inefficient |
|
|
Term
| generally, what are reptile heart characteristics? |
|
Definition
| double circuit MORE efficient |
|
|
Term
| generally, what are bird and mammal heart characteristics? |
|
Definition
| double circuit very efficient, full separation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Vent, Atrum configuration of fish, shark? |
|
Definition
| Sinus venosa, Atrium, Ventricle, Conus Arteriosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Vent, Atrum configuration of lunged amphibian? |
|
Definition
| Sinus Venosa, 2!! atriums, Ventricle, Conus Art |
|
|
Term
| What is the Vent, Atrium configuration of reptile? |
|
Definition
| Sin Ven, 2 Atrium, 1.5!!!! ventricle, PULMONARY TRUNK, SYSTEMIC TRUNK |
|
|
Term
| What is the Vent, Atrium configuration of mammal/vertebrate? |
|
Definition
| sinoatrial node!, 2 Atrium, 2! ventricle, pulmonary trunk, systemic trunk. |
|
|
Term
| What is the 3 significance of bony fish heart when evolving from primitive? |
|
Definition
Thick ventricle
bulba valve bw ventricle and bulbus(conus) arteriosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of frog heart when evolving from bony fish? |
|
Definition
spiral valve in Con Art.
initial separation of vent begins in frog |
|
|
Term
| what is the color of frog blood and why? |
|
Definition
| purple. blood is not perfectly separated in vent, but only partially helped by spiral valve. |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of reptile heart when evolving from the amphibian? |
|
Definition
Ventricle more divided.
conus deeply divided.
pulmonary trunk systemic trunk. |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of evolved mammal and avian heart? |
|
Definition
Sinoatrial node=pacemaker
Fully Divided Ventricle
No Conus remnant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage.[1] Starting with a recent single ancestor, this process results in the speciation and phenotypic adaptation of an array of species exhibiting different morphological and physiological traits with which they can exploit a range of divergent environments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to geographic isolation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hypothesis that new traits, even those that are strikingly different from ancestral ones, evolve by a long series of small, incremental steps. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| that most changes that a species goes through occur at the time of speciation, in the beginning, when it changes rapidly into a new species from a population of an existing species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
theory that successive members of an evolutionary series become increasingly modified in a single undeviating direction. That evolution frequently proceeds in orthogenetic fashion is undeniable, though many striking features developed in an orthogenetic group appear to have little if any adaptive value and may even be markedly disadvantageous.
ex horse seemed to have evolved to be fast lungs muscles nostrils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
appearance of feathers during the evolution of birds from dinos.
evolution on a scale of separated gene pools |
|
|
