Term
| "One Health" brings together what 3 fields / professional areas? |
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Definition
-veterinary
-biology
-human medicine |
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Term
WDA
WCS
DNR
AAWV
SSP
TAG
PMC
WCC
AZA |
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Definition
Wildlife Disease Association
Wildlife Conservation Society
Department of Natural Resources
American Assoc. of Wildlife Veterinarians
Species Survival Plan
Taxon Advisory Groups
Population Management Center
Wildlife Contraception Center
Association of Zoos and Aquariums |
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Term
| Largest conservation group in North America, with roughly 500 projects in over 60 countries, involved in endangered species recovery, translocation, ecosystem health, etc? |
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Definition
| Wildlife Conservation Society |
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Term
| Biggest problems of conservation: |
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Definition
1. climate change
2. natural resource exploitation
3. connection bt human/animal health (zoonoses)
4. sustainable development of human livelihoods |
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Term
| Timeline of Zoo History: 3,000 BC |
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Definition
animals used for food, hunting, religion, symbolic, entertainment, recreation
-eg: hanging gardens of Babylon |
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Term
| Timeline of Zoo History: 10,000 BC |
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Definition
| humans start to settle, begin domestication of animals, then people start collecting |
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Term
| Timeline of Zoo History: 1800's |
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Definition
-animals used for entertainment and scientific inquiry
-shift from private to public collections
-move away from "vulgar admiration"
-enclosures still crappy- cement floors, 1 animal alone, no natural vegetation |
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Term
| Timeline of Zoo History: 20th century (starting in '60s) |
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Definition
-shift towards conservation and education
-animal welfare, naturalistic habitats |
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Term
| Pros and Cons of captive breeding |
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Definition
PROs:
-save critically endangered animals, or animals that are extinct in the wild
-can breed and release sometimes (red wolves, Andean condors, GL tamarins, etc.)
-increase public awareness
CONs
-genetic diversity = pointless endeavor?
-shouldn't we put money into preserving habitat?
-is the battle really won if we just have certain species in zoos and not the wild? |
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Term
| Captive breeding program that only uses AZA-accredited zoos and certified facilities? |
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Definition
| SSP (Species Survival Plan) |
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Term
| What organization controls stud books and determines which animals to breed to maintain a healthy population? |
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Definition
| TAGs (Taxon Advisory Groups) |
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Term
| What organization is responsible for overall genetics and stable populations of zoo animals? |
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Definition
| PMC (Population Management Center) |
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Term
| What organization deals with animal birth control? |
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Definition
| WCC (Wildlife Contraception Center) |
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Term
| What species have been given birth control as a form of population control? |
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Definition
-white tailed deer
-African elephants in some game parks
-bison on Catalina Island |
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Term
| Benefits of naturalistic habitats: |
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Definition
-group animals together based on where they are found (educate people on ecosystem)
-minimizes stress to animals; seem to thrive there, less self mutilation and repetitive behavior
-less concrete = less arthritis |
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Term
| Term for a repetitive, ritualistic movement that can signify stress, such as a bear paces back and forth repeatedly in a zoo enclosure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Challenges of naturalistic habitats, and how to deal with them: |
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Definition
-harder to observe animals: train with auditory cues, etc
-injury: intra/inter -species aggression, environmental accidents (meerkats destroyed rabbit, crane flew into tiger area)
-parasitism bc floors not concrete
-medical treatment |
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Term
| Problematic parasite of zoo ruminants? |
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Definition
| Haemonchus contortus (barberpole worm), a blood-sucking trichostrongyle |
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Term
| Zoos frequently make use of what style of training in order to get animals accustomed to medical treatments? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| giving a reward for a behavior in order to increase that behavior |
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Term
What part of operant conditioning is this?
Every time an okapi touches a target stick, it gets a tasty fruit. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| method of eliminating a behavior by not reinforcing it any longer |
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Term
What part of operant conditioning is this?
A chimpanzee likes to throw poop at its keeper. The first few times this causes the keeper to shriek and run away. The keeper then decides to ignore the poop-slinging. The chimpanzee eventually stops throwing its poop. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a sound or action that tells the animal that it did something correct and reinforcement is on the way |
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Term
What part of operant conditioning is this?
clicker
"good!"
"yes" |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is deworming an animal in a naturalistic habitat somewhat challenging? |
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Definition
-do you dose individual, or whole group?
-how to remove parasites from environment?
-what about resistance? |
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Term
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Definition
| a signal which will elicit a specific behavior or reflex as a result of a learned association |
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Term
What part of operant conditioning is this?
When the trainer moves her finger in a circle, the dolphin spins around. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a prop or part of the body that pinpoints a critical location for an animal in training |
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Term
What part of operant conditioning is this?
During training sessions, the keeper carries a stick with a red ball on the end. This stick functions as a ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shifting an act one small step at a time towards an ultimate goal |
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Term
What part of operant conditioning is this?
In the video we watched, the trainer rewarded a gorilla for showing his shoulder, then a little bit of his back, and finally his entire back. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| trainer waits for animal to offer a behavior, then reinforces the response |
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Term
What part of operant conditioning is this?
A trainer places a gram scale into the tamarin enclosure. The tamarins explore and sniff the scale, and the trainer does nothing. When one monkey steps onto the scale, the trainer clicks and treats it. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three main types of restraint? |
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Definition
-chute/squeeze
-tamer/drop-chute
-anesthetic immobilization |
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Term
| A tamer is also called a _____. What is it? Who is it used for? |
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Definition
-"drop-chute"
-floor drops out as a the front closes and walls squeeze, so feet just dangle
-used for ungulates, they seem to relax in it
-once inside, can put on blinders, horn guards |
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Term
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Definition
-poly-syringe
-remote delivery devices: blow dart, darting pistol/rifle |
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Term
| Types of darting pistol/rifle? Which was first? Which uses explosive charge? |
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Definition
-Cap-chur: first, uses explosive charge
-Tel-inject
-Dan-inject
-Pneu-dart |
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Term
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Definition
CURARE
SYNTHETIC CURARE
--Gallamine: mostly crocs, no longer available in US, reversal = neostygmine
--Succinylcholine: can use to intubate
ETORPHINE:
-morphine derivative (80-6000x more potent)
-good effect in elephants/rhinos
-no longer available in US |
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Term
| What immobilization drugs have relaxant properties but no analgesia? |
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Definition
| synthetic curares (gallamine, succinylcholine) |
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Term
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Definition
CURARE
-immobilization drug created by indigenous people from tree bark, +/- toxins from snakes or frogs |
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Term
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Definition
CARFENTANIL
-can buy in US, CII controlled drug
-CNS depressant, 1 drop can kill 20 people
-most powerful opiod (10,000x morphine potency)
-reversal: Naltrexone (animals), Naloxone (people)
-all exotic ungulates
-comes lyophilized (freeze-dried), can reconstitute at higher potency
-can use with other drugs |
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Term
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Definition
ETORPHINE:
-morphine derivative (80-6000x more potent)
-good effect in elephants/rhinos
-no longer available in US |
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Term
| Synthetic curare facts (hint: 2 drugs): |
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Definition
SYNTHETIC CURARE
--Gallamine: mostly crocs, no longer available in US, reversal = neostygmine
--Succinylcholine: can use to intubate |
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Term
| Carfentanil side effects: |
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Definition
-good analgesia but poor muscle relaxant; muscle tremors
-underdosing = prolonged induction > exhaustion
-respiratory depression, not reversible
-tachycardia/excitability
-inhibition of thermoregulation
-renarcotizing |
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Term
| Signs that an animal is renarcotizing? |
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Definition
-head pressing
-star gazing |
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Term
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Definition
| a return of narcotic effects after a reversal agent has been given, because the body clears the reversal quicker than it clears the narcotic; can cause respiratory depression and death after the animal has been revived from anesthetic |
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Term
| What animal should you not intubate? |
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Definition
-ungulates (tons of saliva)
-instead, supplement O2 by nares/mouth with dog mask |
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Term
| How to place ungulates during anesthesia? |
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Definition
-sternal recumbency because of rumen
-hold head up but pointing down in case of regurgitation |
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Term
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Definition
| portable chemistry machine |
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Term
| Monitoring equipment? What else to check? |
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Definition
-portable pulse ox
-thermometer
-I-stat
-palpebral reflex
-ear twitch
-tongue |
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Term
| How to administer reversal agents? Why? |
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Definition
1/2 IV, 1/2 IM
-want animal to wake up but not so fast that it kills people monitoring it
-want to prevent renarcotization |
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Term
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Definition
-hyperthermia
-circulatory deficiency
-shock
-death |
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Term
| Vasodilation is associated with (hypo/hyperthermia), whereas vasoconstriction is associated with (hypo/hyperthermia). |
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Definition
hyperthermia = vasodilation
hypothermia = vasconstriction |
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Term
| How did Eileen define shock in the PP? |
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Definition
| life threatening condition causing failure of CVS leading to hypoxia and death |
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Term
| How to treat stress-related hyperthermia? |
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Definition
-give dantrolene
-alcohol on skin
-cold water enema |
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Term
| Activation of stress (from PP, not flowchart): |
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Definition
-CNS perceives threat (sound/sight/smell)
-SNS releases catecholamines (epi/norepi/dopamine) and causes ^HR/RR/BP
-blood diverted to heart and muscle
-long-term stress = catecholamines depleted, decreased BP/glucose leading to hypoglycemia, hypothermia, cardiac failure, shock |
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Term
| If a stressor is not removed, the sympathetic nervous system will continue to... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| collective term for various life-threatening syndromes caused by sympathetic exhaustion from sustained stress, combined with muscle exertion |
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Term
| How to check for rhabdomyolysis? |
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Definition
-AST (aspertate aminotransferase)
-LDH (lactic acid dehydrogenase)
-CPK (creatine phosphokinase)
-blood gas (arterial) |
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Term
| Sustained muscle exertion leads to muscle destruction, which released ___, ___, and ___ into the bloodstream. The latter can destroy kidneys. |
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Definition
| Ca, K, myoglobin(destroys kidneys) |
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Term
| How to minimize stress pathology: |
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Definition
-limit "chase" to 2min or less
-avoid underdosing opioid
-keep physical manipulation to a minimum
-decrease auditory, visual, olfactory stimulation
-provide stress-free post-restraint enviro for up to 6mo
-avoid capture of pregnant or lactating females |
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Term
| From the flowchart of long-term stress response, what 5 things lead to long-term effect of stress? |
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Definition
| capture, confinement, handling/transport, unnatural food, inadequate care |
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Term
| 2 paths that long-term stress effects can take? |
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Definition
1. acclimatization/adaptation > eating/drinking, tolerance of captivity > recovery
2. unable to acclimatize/adapt > refusal to eat/drink/settle down > energy expenditure, loss of condition, debilitation > hypoglycemia, shock, death |
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Term
| Build-up of lactic acid in muscle cells leads to... (2 pathways) |
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Definition
1. destruction of heart muscle fibers > heart function compromised > cardiac failure > death
2. destruction of skeletal muscle fibers > release of cellular K, Ca, myoglobin > renal failure from myoglobin toxicity AND heart sensitized to epi by K and Ca > death by kidney failure / v-fib |
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Term
| Capture myopathy can ultimately result in death from 4 different ways. What are they? |
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Definition
INTENSE MUSCLE ACTIVITY
-lactic acid destroys cardiac muscle > cardiac failure
-skeletal muscle destruction releases myoglobin > renal failure
-heart sensitized to epi by K and Ca > v-fib
FEAR AND STRESS
-hypertension, blood diversion, hyperglycemia > physiological exhaustion |
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