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chemical signals that are secreted into the cierculatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body
...reach all parts of the body, but only target cells are equipped to respond
...insect metamorphosis is regulated by these |
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| endocrine system and nervous system |
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| two systems that coordinate communication throughout the body |
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| secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses including reproduction, development, energy metabolism, growth, and behavior |
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| conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons; these signals regulate other cells |
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chemical signals bind to receptor proteins on target cells
only these cells respond to the signal |
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| secreted chemical signals include |
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hormones
local regulators
neurotransmitters
neurohormones
pheromones |
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| endocrine signals (hormones) |
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Definition
| secreted into extracellular fluids and travel via the bloodstream |
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| ductless and secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid |
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| include mediate responses to environmental stimuli and regulate growth, development, and reproduction |
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| have ducts and secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities (tear ducts) |
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chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion
regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, reproduction
two types;paracrine signals-near secreting cell, autocrine signals-acto on secreting cell itself |
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contact target cells at synapses
here, they often secrete chemical signals called neurotransmitters that diffuse a short distance to bind receptors on the targel cell
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diffuse a short distance to bind to receptors on target cells
play role in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement |
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| specialized neurons typicallyl found in the brain, secrete neurohormones |
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| are a class of hormones that originate from neurons in the brain and diffuse through the bloodstream |
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| secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body |
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| secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells |
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| secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them |
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| nerotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues (neurons, muscles, or glands) |
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| neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body |
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chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species
mark trails to food sources, warn of predators, and attract potential mates |
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| three major classes of molecules function as hormones in vertebrates |
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Definition
polypeptides (proteins and peptides) (insulin)
amines derived from amino acids (epinephrine, thyroxine)
steroid hormones (cortisol) |
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pass easily through cell membranes (steroid hormones)
diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells |
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| pathway for lipid-soluble hormones |
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Definition
the response to this hormone is usually a change in gene expression
steroids, thyroid hromones, and the hormonal form of vitamin D enter target cells and bind to protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
protein-receptor complexes then act as transcritption factors in the nucleus, regualting transcription of specific genes |
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do not pass easily through cell membranes (polypeptides and amines)
secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors |
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| pathway for water-soluble hormones |
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Definition
| binding of hormone to its receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway leading to responses in the sytoplasm, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression |
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| the solubility of a hormone correlates with... |
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Definition
| the location of receptors inside (lipid) or on the surface (water) of target cells |
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| signaling by any of these hormones involves three key events |
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Definition
reception
signal transduction
response |
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| the activation of an enzyme, a change in the uptake or secretion of specific molecules, or a rearrangemtne of cytoskeleton |
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| the series of changes in cellular proteins that converts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response |
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secreted by adrenal glands in stressful situation
multiple effects in mediating the body's response to short-term stress
binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells
triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the relese of glucose into the bloodstream |
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the same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have...
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-different receptors for the hormone
-different signal transduction pathways
-diferent proteins for carrying out the response
-same hormone can also have different effects in different species |
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| in paracrine signaling... |
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| nonhormonal chemical signals called local regulators elicit responses in nearby target cells |
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| types of local regulators |
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cytokines-play role in immune responses
growth factors-stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation
nitric oxide (NO)-serves in the body as both a neurotransmitter and local regulator
prostaglandins-modified fatty acids |
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| help regulate aggregation of platelets, an early step in formation of blood clots |
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| hormones are released from an endocrine cell, travel through the bloodstream, and interact with the receptor or target cell to cause a physiological response |
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this loop inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus
regulates many hormonal pathways involved in homeostasis |
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| antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis |
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| the pancreas has clusters of |
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| endocrine cells called islets of langerhans with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin |
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| blood glucose level set point |
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| insulin reduces blood glucose levels by |
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promoting the cellular uptake of glucose
slowing glycogen breakdown in the liver
promoting fat storage |
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glucagon increases blood glucose levels by
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stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
stimulating breakdown of fat and protein into glucose |
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best known endocrine disorder
caused by deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues
marked by elevated blood glucose levels
type 1 and 2 |
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(insulin dependent) an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells (insulin producing cells)
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(non-insulin dependent)
involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors |
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