Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. find deviation (observed-expected)
2. deviation2: (o-e)2
3. d2/e
4. Chi-square= ∑ d2/e
if in nonsignificant portion, then the results are deemed valid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| monohybrid and dihybrid crosses |
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Definition
| monohybrid cross resulted in 1/4 offsping with recessive trait and 3/4 offspring with dominant trait; start with homozygous parents |
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Term
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Definition
p+q=1; where p=frequency of dominant allele and q=frequency of recessive allele
p2+2pq+q2=1; where p2=frequency of homozygous dominant trait, 2pq=frequency of heterozygous trait, and q2=frequency of homozygous recessive trait |
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Term
| five assumptions for hardy-weinberg equillibrium |
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Definition
1.larg populations
2. random mating
3. no gene flow
4. no mutation
5. no natural selection |
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Term
| how natural selection affects gene pool |
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Definition
| because some traits were "selected for" in the environment, the organisms with those traits survived and produced offspring. any change in the frequency of alleles is a change in the gene pool |
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Term
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Definition
-detect differences in proteins based on their size and charge
-gel is linked to two buffer tanks by contaact wicks and connected to electric current, which creatss a charged field through wich the proteins migrate |
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Term
interpret gels
monomorphic |
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Definition
| enzymes migrate same distance from origin |
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Term
interpret gels
polymorphic |
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Definition
| number of bands varies and two or more bands within an activity zone |
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Term
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Definition
| when there is a maximum of two bands in the same line of a zone of activity |
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Term
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Definition
when there is more than two bands in the same lind of a zone of activity
-cannot determine if monomeric |
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Term
gel phenotype/genotype
f/f |
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Definition
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Term
gel phenotype/genotype
f/s |
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Definition
| farthest away, double or triple |
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Term
gel phenotype/genotype
s/s |
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Definition
| bottom line of f/s, single |
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Term
gel pheotype/genotype
vs/vs |
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Definition
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Term
gel phenotype/genotype
s/vs |
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Definition
| one s/s and and one vs/vs combined |
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Term
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Definition
amylase
catechol oxidase
-potato extract contained enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| binds to part of active site so substrate can't bind; can be reversed aat high concentration of substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| binds two different parts of enzyme and changes enzymes active site; adding more substrate will not reverse it |
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Term
| optimal conditions for amylase |
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Definition
high percentage/concentration of amylase
pH of about 6
temp of 37*C-->body temp |
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Term
| structures found in cell during mitosis |
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Definition
1. nuclear envolope-surrounds nucleus
2. chromatin-mass of uncoiled DNA and proteins
3. centrosome-granular region that contains a pair of centrioles outside the nucleus, orginizing center for microtubules
4. sister chromatid-each strand of a duplicated chromosome
5. spindle-fibrous, rounded structure satering toward each end; made of microtubules
6. kinetochore-links sister chromatids in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mass of uncoiled DNA and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| granular region that contains a pair of centrioles outside the nucleous, orginizing center for microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| each strand of a duplicated chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous rounded stracture tapering toward each end; made of microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| links sister chromatids in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| pinches into two in animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| extends across cell and divides in two in plant cells |
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Term
differences between plant and animal cells
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Definition
plant-have cell wall, chloroplasts, cell plate, no centrioles
animal cells-cleavage furrow, centrioles, cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
cell wall
chloroplasts
cell plate
no centrioles |
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Term
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Definition
cell membrane
cleavage furrow
centrioles |
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Term
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Definition
growth/repair of cells
1 diploid cell -> 2 diploid cells |
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Term
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Definition
produces gametes
1 diploid cell -> 4 haploid cells |
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Term
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Definition
| small dots seen at the poles around which the microtubules of the spindle ans asters appear to radiate |
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Term
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Definition
| an array of microtubules surrounding each centriole pair at the poles of the spindle |
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Term
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Definition
| biological catalysts compunds that speed up a chemical reaction without being used up or altered in the reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| material with which the catalyst reacts, modified during the reaction to form a new product |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that must bind for the enzyme to be active |
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Term
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Definition
| nonprotein substances that usually bind to the active site on the enzyme and are essential for the enzyme to work |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that shut off enzyme activity |
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