Term
|
Definition
when the testis
fails to descend. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1- medial to epigastric vessels
2- don’t pass through the inguinal
canal (parallels spermatic cord)
3- low risk of strangulation/ infarct
4- are almost always acquired
5- Middle age man (over 40 y), old
6- smaller in size |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1- lateral to epigastric vessels
2- passes through the inguinal
canal (inside spermatic cord)
3- high risk of strangulation/ infarct
4- congenital and acquired
5- in younger people
6- bigger in size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acute polyneuropathy (idiopathic
or infectious), involving nerve
and the neuromuscular junction.
Segmental demyelination,
Muscle weakness and
paresthesias from legs
to the arms,
*Respiratory paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Is the inflammation (accompanied by pain) of the peritoneum following an
abdominal injury e.g.: from a stab wound or a perforated appendicitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The peritoneum exudates fluid and cells in response to injury or infection
(commonly seen in liver cirrhosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is puncturing the peritoneal cavity for aspiration of the fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when distal end of the
esohagus is closed. |
|
|
Term
| Tracheoesophageal fistula |
|
Definition
when there is a hole
(connection) between esophagus and the trachea.
Milk from the newborn esophagus finds its way into the
respiratory tract causing severe respiratory problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low in North America.
High in Iran and China (irritation of the mucosa
e.g.: hot tea, Opium, etc…) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
true (all 3 layers protruding)
false (only the muscle protrudes). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
upper esophagus, dysphagia,
Halitosis (bad breath).
Complications: ulceration, bleeding, and inflammation.
Therapy: surgery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cardiospasm): retrosternal pain, neuromotor
disorder of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES),
decreased cells in the myentric plexus (analogous to
Hirschsprung’s disease), dysphagia for solid and liquid,
dilated proximal esophagus and aperistalsis, increased
LES pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
columnar cell metaplasia of the
Squamous epithelium due to acid injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Patterson-Kelly) syndrome:
associated with esophageal web, dysphagia and
obstruction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protrusion of part of the stomach into the mediastinum
through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Often painful and mixed with
other chest pains including the cardiac ischemia
2 main types: sliding and paraesophageal types. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when abdominal part of the esophagus and cardia and even
part of the fundus slide up through the esophageal hiatus. *Regurgitation and heart burn |
|
|
Term
| Paraesophageal hiatus hernia |
|
Definition
Cardia doesn’t move but part of the fundus and
peritoneum passes through the esophageal hiatus. *Usually no regurgitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the gastric mucosa which is erosive or non-ervosive. It can be
acute or chronic. Acute gastritis could be due to a direct infection (Helicobacter pylori),
direct toxicity due to alcohol or bile, steroids and non-steroid drugs (aspirin), uremia…
associated with early postprandial pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Menetrier’s disease): giant rugal folds simulating cancer.
Mucosa is atrophic actually, associated protein loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No acid, No ulcer. Gastric ulcers are due to defective mucosal barrier
(decreased prostaglandin E, bile reflex…), including the same causes of gastritis.
Most common on the lesser curvature, has a pain which is increased by eating; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is used for treating the gastric ulcers not responding to drug. Perforation of
the gastric ulcers is uncommon but, if a posterior gastric ulcer for example perforates
the stomach wall, it can involve the pancreas resulting in referred pain to the back.
Erosion of the splenic artery results in hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| Hypertrophic Pyloric stenosis |
|
Definition
due to progressive hypertrophy of circular muscles in pyloric
sphincter, causing a narrow pyloric lumen which may obstruct food passage. This may happen in
male infants (first child usually) which is associated with projectile, nonbilious vomiting after feeding
and palpation of a small knot (olive mass) at the right costal margin. Treatment: longitudinal
pyloromyotomy, leaving the mucosa intact. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most of the duodenal ulcers occur within 5 cm
of the pylorus and more frequently on the anterior
wall. Usually perforates anteriorly.
4 times more frequent than gastric ulcers.
Due to increased acid production of the stomach.
Pain Wakens at night and is relieved by eating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
discontinuity of the lumen owing
to failed recanalization (seen sometimes in Trisomy
of ch.21), and is associated with polyhydramniosis,
bile-containing vomitus and distended stomach,
double bubble sign. |
|
|
Term
| Superior mesenteric artery syndrome |
|
Definition
| (cast syndrome): In young ladies! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an ileal outpocketing typically Located with in 50-75 cm
(40 cm in newborn) of the ileocecal valve. This is a congenital anomaly resulting from persistence
of the vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct. It might be Free (74%) or attached by a chord to the umbilicus.
May mimic pain of appendicitis. About half of them cause ulceration, Inflammation and GI bleeding
because of the presence of ectopic acid-secreting gastric epithelium.
Pancreatic tissue may also be present there.
Rule of 2’s: occurs in about 2% of children, 2 feet from the ileocecal valve, contain
2 types of ectopic mucosa (gastric and pancreatic), usually occurs in 2 years old
children. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-tropical sprue), is a gluten sensitive enteropathy of small
bowel resulting in malabsorption. Mostly in children, autoimmune disease,
antibodies against gluten in wheat, blunting of villi and absence of villi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
malabsorption possibly due to toxigenic strain of E-coli bacteria,
in the Caribbean, India and far east, reversible by tetracycline. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
systemic disease, middle aged man, leading to malabsorption
(infectious disease). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by Salmonella typhi, inflammation of peyer’s
patch, leading to perforation of the intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
develop in the ischioanal fossa,
which may get large and even invade the
contralateral side.
They need incisions and drinage.
One should avoid injuring the inferior
rectal nerve and vessels or risk paralyzing
the external anal sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Piles): prolapses of
rectal mucosa containing superior rectal veins
They occur above the pectinate line.
Painless bleeding, autonomic nerve supply. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Are thromboses (blood clots) in the veins of
the external rectal plexus (inf. Rectal veins)
and are covered by the skin.
They occur below the pectinate line and
are painful. Somatic innervation, (inferior
rectal branch of the pudendal nerve). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(congenital megacolon): Deficiency of ganglion cells in
Meissner’s submucosal plexus and Myenteric plexus of Auerbach (failure of migration of
the neural crest cells to the Myenteric plexus).
Associated with down syndrome and Chagas disease. 90% restricted to the rectum. Bowel is
dilated proximal to the defect , inability of peristalsis to push the stool beyond the
aganglionic segment. Presents with fecal retention and abdominal distention; this is a
functional, not anatomical obstruction. Diagnosis is by rectal biopsy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a chronic relapsing ulceroinflammatory disease, involving
primarily the rectum and left colon. Infectious or immunologic or psychologic causes.
Patient is a young adult with fever, left side abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, rectal
bleeding, continuous (no skip regions), crypt abscess … |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronic granulomatous inflammatory bowel disease. Discontinuous
(skip areas), involving both ileum and the colon. Infectious or immunologic or psychologic
causes. Crampy pain in R. lower quadrant, fever, diarrhea, rectal bleeding… |
|
|
Term
| Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis |
|
Definition
in sigmoid colon or elsewhere in the colon, in
older people (over 55y) could be a change due to age and still considered to be normal,
however, if infection or inflammation proceeds (diverticulitis) is pathologic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may occur through anus due to trauma (child birth) and age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
metastasize to liver (hematogenous metastasis)
through the superior rectal vein into the inferior mesenteric and portal veins.
Metastasis to surrounding: anterior: to urinary bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles (male)
and to uterus and vagina in female. Posteriorly, to sacral nerve plexus. Laterally to the ureter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammatory disease of the pancreas, acute or chronic. The acute one
may resolve without persistent histologic changes, in contrast to the chronic pancreatitis.
Biliary tract disease (gallstone in ampulla of Vater), alcohol, infections and trauma…
can lead to pancreatitis. Severe abdominal pain radiating to the back… |
|
|
Term
| Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
|
Definition
a Gastrin-secreting tumor of the pancreas which causes
increased acid secretion, leading to peptic ulcer disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mucovisidosis): inherited disease caused by mutation in the
trans-membrane conductance regulatory gene (CFTR), defect in Cl- channel,
affecting the respiratory system, GI tract and pancreatic enzymes deficiency
leading to malabsorption and steatorrhea; may be accompanied by Meconum
ileus, azoospermia and infertility, all due to accumulation of secretions in the
lumen of various organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obstruction of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Accelerated development of pancreas islets |
|
Definition
in fetus of a diabetic mother leads to
increased fat and glycogen storage in fetal tissues leading to overweight at birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
persistent inflammatory reaction and progressive destruction
of the liver due to necrosis and replacement by fibrosis and compensatory hyperplasia.
Causes: Alcoholic liver disease (most common in west), post-necrotic following viral
hepatitis, iron overload of the liver…
Liver surface becomes nodular. Liver becomes hard as a result of fibrosis and blood finds
it difficult to get in and out of the liver vessels. This leads to portal hypertension (40-45
mmHg), bleeding from the varicose veins of the esophagus, inferior rectal veins etc.
Portocaval shunt (anastomosing the portal vein to IVC) is a possible surgical therapy.
If the cause of damage is removed early enough, Liver tissue is able to regenerate itself.
Regeneration can also take place after hepatectomy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The end stage liver could be changed by a normal liver from a Just
died (cadaver) or brain dead person after matching blood groups... 1 year survival is 70%. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Liver is site of metastasis from cancers of intestine. Metastasis (multiple
masses in the liver) or Hepatoma (usually one mass). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enlargement of the liver
Due to heart failure, storage disease (e.g: glycogen), leukemia, malaria,
it is palpable in physical examination and It’s inferior edge may reach the pelvis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(infundibulum of the Gallbladder): dilatation between the neck of the
gallbladder and the cystic duct in gallbladder diseases. It is the site of gallstone collection . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(infundibulum of the Gallbladder): dilatation between the neck of the
gallbladder and the cystic duct in gallbladder diseases. It is the site of gallstone collection . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(cholelithiasis): are formed due to an imbalance in the concentration
of the cholesterol and the bile salts in the bile, as a result, bile salts are no more in
suspension. Precipitation of the salts or cholesterol leads to gall stone formation.
5Fs: Female, Fertile, Fourty/fifty, Fatty and Fair |
|
|
Term
| Sites of impaction of the gallestone |
|
Definition
distal end of the hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater
(jaundice and pancreatitis) and Hartmann’s pouch, also in the hepatic ducts. Stones in the
cystic duct can cause a pain in the epigastric region (biliary colic), the stone may move
up and down. Rupturing duodenal ulcers may allow gallstones to enter the duodenum,
leading to obstruction of the ileocecal junction (biliary ileus). If the stone finds
its way into the transverse colon, it might be defecated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute inflammation of the gallbladder wall, usually due to cystic
duct obstruction by a gallstone. Bile accumulation in the gallbladder, enlargement and
pain in epigastric and right hypochondriac regions in transpyloric line. Pain, nausea
and vomiting and involuntary muscle guarding, Painful splinting of respiration during
deep inspiration in right upper quadrant palpation (Murphy’s sign). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
removal of the gallbladder due to severe biliary colic eg: cystic duct
obstruction or cholecystitis etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can obstruct the ureter. It causes
sever pain and bleeding from the mucosal injury. |
|
|
