Term
| What makes up the Skeletal System? |
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Definition
| Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues that stablize or connect the bones |
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Term
| What are the 5 primary functions of the Skeletal System |
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Definition
Support, Storage of Minerals and Lipids, Blood Cell Production, Protection, and Leverage
SSBPL
Super Strong Bones Protect Life |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 6 Broad Categories of Bones? |
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Definition
Long, Flat, Sutural, Irregular, Short, Sesamoid
LFSISS
"Look For Stuff In Small Spaces" |
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Term
What is another name for Sutural bones?
Where are Sutural bones located |
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Definition
Wormian bones
between the flat bones of the skull |
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Term
| What Sesamoid bone does everyone have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Process - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Ramus - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| An extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure |
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Term
| Trochanter - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| A large, rough projection |
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Term
| Tuberosity - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| A smaller, rough projection |
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Term
| Tubercle - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| A small, rounded projection |
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Term
| Crest - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Line - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Spine - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Head - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck |
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Term
| Neck - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| A narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis |
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Term
| Condyle - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| A smooth, rounded articular process |
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Term
| Trochlea - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| A smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley |
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Term
| Facet - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| a small, flat articular surface |
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Term
| Fossa - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Sulcus - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Foramen - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| A rounded passageway fro blood vessels or nerves |
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Term
| Canal - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| A passageway through the substance of a bone |
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Term
| Fissure - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Sinus or antrum - related to the bone surface |
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Definition
| A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the expanded area at each end of the diaphysis called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the area where the diaphysis and the epiphysis connect to each other |
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Term
| What kind of bone primarily makes up the diaphysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of bone mostly makes up the epiphyses |
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Definition
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Term
| In Flat bone What is the layer of spongy bone between the layers of compact bone referred as? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the outer surface of bone covered with |
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Definition
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Term
| What accounts for almost 2/3 of the wight of bone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzmes to dissolve bone matrix |
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Term
| The basic functional unit of mature compact bone is? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| incomplete cellular layer that lines the marrow cavity |
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Term
| What are the pockets called that contain bone cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Narrow passageways through the bone matrix used to exchange nutrients, waste products and gases |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crystals formed from calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide |
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Term
| What is the process called when osteoblasts produce new bone matrix |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells? |
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Definition
| maintain populations of osteoblasts |
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Term
| The process by which osteoclasts dissolve bone matrix? |
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Definition
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Term
| Central Canal runs in which direction |
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Definition
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Term
| perforating canals run which direction? |
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Definition
| perpendicular to the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| the struts and plates in spongy bone forms |
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Term
| T or F There are no capillaries in the matrix of the spongy bone |
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Definition
| True: nutrients move via diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process of replacing other tissues with bone |
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Term
| Most bones originate as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| the process that converts cartilage into bone is called |
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Definition
| endochondral ossification |
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Term
| the process when bone developes directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue |
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Definition
| intramembranous ossification |
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Term
| When dermal bones form in abnormal locations |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three major sets of blood vessels found in typical bone |
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Definition
| The Nutrient Artery and Vein, Metaphyseal Vessels, Periosteal Vessels |
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Term
| Produced by the kidneys, Promotes calcium and phosphate ion abosorption along the digestive tract |
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Definition
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Term
| Produced in the pituitary gland, it stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix |
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Definition
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Term
| Produced in the thyroid gland, alont with growth hormone it stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect of Calcitonin on the skeletal system |
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Definition
| Inhibits osteoclast activity, promotes calcium loss at kidneys, reduces calcium ion concentrations in body fluids ↓ blood Ca++ levels (↑ bone deposition) |
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Term
| Which hormones are involved in calcium ion homeostasis |
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Definition
| parathyroid and calcitonin |
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Term
| What are the three major effects of parathyroid hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates osteoclast activity, increases the rate of intestinal absorption of calcium ions, decreases the rate of excretion of calcium ions at the kidneys ↑ blood Ca++ levels (↑ bone resorption) |
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Term
| What are the major function of calcitonin |
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Definition
| inhibits osteclast activity, increases the rate of excretion of calcium ions at the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate ossification, bone become thinner and weaker |
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Term
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Definition
| when the reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function |
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Term
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Definition
| interconnect adjacent osteocytes |
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Term
| The more inorganic material that s present in the bone_______ |
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Definition
| The harder and more rigid the bone becomes |
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Term
| Organic material in the bone give bone it's? |
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Definition
| flexibility and tensile strength. |
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Term
| Steps of Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
Osteoblasts develop
in dermal layer - Osteoblasts cluster
and secrete osteoid
(ossification center)- Osteoblasts trapped;
convert to osteocytes - Trabecula form - Bone collar forms
(compact bone);
Periosteum forms |
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Term
| Define appositional Growth |
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Definition
| when a bone increases in diameter |
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Term
| Steps of Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
Hyaline cartilage
forms - Osteoblasts form
in periosteum;
build bone collar
(diaphysis)- Diaphysis center
calcifies; cavity forms
(primary ossification center -Blood vessels
invade cavity;
spongy bone forms - Diaphysis elongates;
epiphyses ossify
(secondary ossification centers |
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Term
| What is the Epiphyseal Plate: |
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Definition
Line of cartilage
separating epiphysis
from diaphysis |
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Term
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Definition
Increases bone length
• Growth occurs at epiphyseal plates |
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Term
| Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva |
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Definition
(Uncontrolled bone growth)
Bone formed from muscle:
Myoblasts → Osteoblasts |
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Term
| What percent of bone mass is recycled each week |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Bones remodel in response to forces placed
on them |
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Term
| Steps in a bone repair of a fracture |
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Definition
Step 1: Hematoma Formation:
Step 2: Cartilaginous Callus Formation:
• Clotting seals injured blood vessels
• Cartilage fills in damaged area
Step 3: Bony Callus Formation:
Step 4: Bone Remodeling:
• Spongy bone replaces cartilage
• Compact bone replaces spongy bone |
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Term
| What are the influencing factors of osteoporosis |
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Definition
Influencing Factors:
1) ↓ sex hormones
2) Calcium deficiency
3) Vitamin D deficiency
4) Inactivity |
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Term
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Definition
infection by the parasitic nematode (larval worms),
muscle pain, diarrhea, and weakness. |
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Term
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Definition
diagnosis=key
pattern of tender points in 11 of 18 known locations.
– Pain cannot be explained by any other mechanisms. |
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Term
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Definition
an inherant disease caused by
a mutation in one of many genes that effect muscle
function. Ca++ channels in the sarcoplasm raise to a
point that proteins denature. Rx=Steroid treatment
decrease inflammation slows the progression of the
disease
– The mutations commonly display characteristics between the
ages of 3 and 7. Effects primarily skeletal muscle but in latter
stages facial muscles and cardiac muscles are involved. Most
individuals die before age 20. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| swayback, abdomen and buttocks an xageration of the lumbar vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral curvature of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| during the third week of develpoment, the vertebral arches form around the spinal chord develops abnormally, the arch is incomplete and the spinal cord bulge out, cause is from low levels of folic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| high levels of HGH released after puberty, abnormal growth of hands, feet, lower jaw, skull, etc, |
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Term
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Definition
| brittle bones, loose ligaments and tendons |
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Term
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Definition
| extremely long slender limbs, abnormal epiphyseal activity |
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Term
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Definition
| slow epiphyseal growth, trunk is normal size and limbs are much shorter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Site where two or more bones meet |
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Term
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Definition
| Synarthroses (immovable joints), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints),Diarthroses (freely movable joints) |
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Term
| Examples of Synarthroses joints? |
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Definition
a) Suture (e.g. skull)
• Bones interlocked (fibrous)
b) Gomphosis (e.g. teeth)
• Peg-in-socket connection (fibrous)
c) Synchondrosis (e.g. epiphyseal plates)
• Plate connects bones (cartilaginous |
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Term
| Examples of Amphiarthroses Joints? |
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Definition
2) Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)
• Cord/sheet connect bones (fibrous)
• Broad disk connects bones
a) Syndesmosis (e.g. tibia/fibula)
b) Symphysis (e.g. vertebrae |
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Term
| Diarthroses is also known as |
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Definition
Synovial Joints (e.g. end of long bones)
permits the wides range of motion |
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Term
| From the superior to the inferior of a Synovial Joint in what order is the joint built |
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Definition
| Periosteum - synovial membrane - Articular cartilage - joint cavity (contians synovial fluid) articular capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| a pad of fibrocartilage situated between opposing bones wihthin synovial jiont |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Uniaxial, radioulnar joint |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Multiaxial, e.g. shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| Ligaments stretched / torn |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones forced out of normal position |
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Term
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Definition
| Tearing of cartilage (e.g. meniscus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Irritation of fluid-filled pockets (friction / shock absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of tendon sheaths (overuse |
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Term
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Definition
| Articular cartilage destruction (pain, swelling, stiffness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| limit the joint's range of motion and provide mechanical support for it |
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Term
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Definition
| support, strenghtn and reinforce synovial joints |
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Term
| Types of Movement - Gliding |
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Definition
| two surfaces slide past one another |
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Term
| Types of Movement - Flexion |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of Movement - Extension |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of Movement - hyperextension |
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Definition
| extension past the anatomical position |
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Term
| Types of Movement - Abduction |
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Definition
| moving away from the longitudinal axis |
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Term
| Types of Movement- adduction |
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Definition
| back to anatomical position |
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Term
| Types of Movement - Circumduction |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of articular cartilage? |
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Definition
| prevents bony surfaces at a synovial joint from contacting one another |
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Term
| 3 important components to levers |
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Definition
Load (resistance)
Fulcrum
Effort (applied force |
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Term
| What is a Mechanical advantage |
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Definition
Small effort over a large distance
Load is closer to fulcrum
Less effort moves a large load a small distance |
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Term
|
Definition
Effort is larger than load
Effort closer to fulcrum
Effort allows load to move rapidly over a large
distance |
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Term
| Example of a First Class Lever |
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Definition
Fulcrum located between load and force
very few in the human body |
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Term
| Example of a Second class lever |
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Definition
Load found between effort and fulcrum
• Small force can move a large weight |
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Term
| example of a Third class lever |
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Definition
Force applied between load and fulcrum
Load is moved quickly and farther at
expense of effort
• Always at a mechanical disadvantage
Most common lever in human body |
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Term
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Definition
| twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward.... oppostite is eversion |
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Term
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Definition
| elevation of the sole when you dig in your heel opposite is plantar flexion |
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Term
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Definition
| Thumb to the surface of the palm. |
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Term
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Definition
| jaw moving moving forward....opposit is retraction |
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