Term
| Consequence of system of nation-states that emerged in second half of 19th century: |
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Definition
| The idea of a nation-state is associated with the rise of the modern system of states, often called the "Westphalia system" in reference to the Treaty of Westphalia (1648). The balance of power, which characterizes that system, depends for its effectiveness upon clearly defined, centrally controlled, independent entities, whether empires or nation states, which recognize each other's sovereignty and territory. The Westphalia system did not create the nation-state, but the nation-state meets the criteria for its component states (assuming that there is no disputed territory). |
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| Jot list causes of internal dissent |
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Definition
| Suppression of dissent occurs when an individual or group which is more powerful than another tries to directly or indirectly censor, persecute or otherwise oppress the other party, rather than engage with and constructively respond to or accommodate the other party's arguments or viewpoint. When dissent is perceived as a threat, action may be taken to prevent continuing dissent or penalize dissidents |
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| general term for involuntary enrollment in the service of a country. It is most often used in the specific sense of requiring citizens to serve in the armed forces. It is known by various names — for example, the most recent conscription program in the United States was known colloquially as "the draft". Many nations do not maintain conscription forces, instead relying on a volunteer or professional military most of the time, although many of these countries still reserve the possibility of conscription for wartime and during times of crises. |
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Term
| Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand: |
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Definition
| Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused Germany and Austria-Hungary, and countries allied with Serbia (the Triple Entente Powers) to declare war on each other, starting World War I. |
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| was a military secret society founded in the Kingdom of Serbia on May 9, 1911. It was a part of the Pan-Slavist movement, with the intention of uniting all of the territories containing South Slav populations annexed by Austria-Hungary. This society's possible connections to the June 28, 1914, assassination in Sarajevo of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, is considered to have been the main catalyst to the start of World War I. |
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Definition
| : in the literal sense, is a cheque that has no numerical value written in, but is already signed. In the figurative or metaphoric sense, it is used (especially in politics) to describe a situation in which an agreement had been made that is open-ended or vague, and therefore subject to abuse, or in which a party is willing to consider any expense in the pursuance of their goals. |
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| a demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case of noncompliance. An ultimatum is generally the final demand in a series of requests. As such, the time allotted is usually short, and the request is understood not to be open to further negotiation. |
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| : the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war. The word mobilization was first used, in a military context, in order to describe the preparation of the Prussian army during the 1850s and 1860s. Mobilization theories and techniques have continuously changed since then. Notably, before World War I and World War II, several countries developed intricate plans to achieve a fast and effective mobilization in case of war. The opposite of mobilization is demobilization. This was used in WWI when the Russians mobilization amounted to a declaration of war. |
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Definition
| strategic plan for victory in a possible future war where it might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east. The First World War later became such a war with both a Western Front and an Eastern Front. The plan took advantage of expected differences in the three countries' speed in preparing for war. In short, it was the German plan to avoid a two-front war by concentrating their troops in the west, quickly defeating the French and then, if necessary, rushing those troops by rail to the east to face the Russians before they had time to mobilize fully. The Schlieffen Plan was created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen and modified by Helmuth von Moltke the Younger after Schlieffen's retirement. |
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Term
| First Battle of Marne & General Joffre |
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Definition
| August 4th, the Germans seemed on the verge of success but had underestimated the speed of with which the British would be able to mobilize and put troops into battle in Paris. An unexpected counterattack by British and French forces under the French commander General Joffre had stopped the Germans at this battle. The German troops fell back, but the exhausted French army was unable to pursue its advantage. The war quickly turned into a stalemate as neither the Germans nor French could dislodge the other from the trenches they begun to dig for shelter. |
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Definition
| the Western front had been bogged down by this. It kept both sides virtually in the same positions for four years |
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Term
| Tannenburg & Masurian Lakes |
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Definition
| in contrast to the West, the war in the east was marked by much more mobility, although the cost in lives was equally enormous. At the beginning of the war , the Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was decisively defeated at these battles on September 15th. |
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Definition
| the battles of Tannenburg and Masurian established the military reputations of this commanding general and his chief of staff. The Russians were no longer a threat to German territory. |
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| : The German offensive in 1916, in ten months at this place 700,000 men lost their lives over a few square miles of terrain. |
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| the British campaign in 1916. |
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| forces of the British Empire attempted to open a Balkan front by landing forces at this place. Southwest of Constantinople, in April 1915, the entry of Bulgaria into the war on the side of the Central powers and a disastrous campaign at this place caused them to withdraw. The Italians, as we have seen entered the war on the allied side after France and Britain promised to further their acquisition of Austrian territory. In the long run, however, Italian military incompetence forced the allies to come to the assistance of Italy. |
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Term
| Lawrence of Arabia: (1888-1935) |
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Definition
| A British officer who incited Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords in 1917. In 1918, British forces from Egypt destroyed the rest of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East. For their Middle East campaigns, the British mobilized forces from India, Australia, and New Zealand. |
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| : joined primarily to seize control of German territories in Asia. The Japanese took possession of German territories in China, as well as the German occupied islands in the Pacific. New Zealand and Australia quickly joined the Japanese in conquering the German held parts of New Guinea. |
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Definition
| only once did the did the German and British naval forces engage in direct combat and that was at this battle on May 31, 1916, when the Germans won an inclusive victory. |
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| a British ship that was sunk by the Germans on May 7, 1915, that had more than 100 Americans on it that lost their lives. |
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Term
| Unrestricted submarine warfare |
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Definition
| impact of: American protests over this. The German government was forced to modify its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare starting on September 1915 and to briefly suspend unrestricted submarine warfare a year later. In January 1917 the Germans returned to using unrestricted submarine warfare. |
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Definition
| at first planes were being used for the spotting of enemies, but they soon began to attack ground targets, especially enemy communications. Fights for the air increased over time and at first pilots attacked each other with hand guns, but later machine guns were mounted on the noses of planes which made the skies considerably more dangerous. Germans also used their giant airships – the zeppelins, to bomb London and eastern England. German enemies soon found out that zeppelins were filled with hydrogen gas and became raging infernos when struck by antiaircraft guns. |
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| : The first tank was a British model which used caterpillar tracks, which enabled it to move across rough terrain. It came armed with mounted guns. However, the first tanks weren’t very effective. It was not until 1918, with the introduction of the British Mark V model, that tanks had more powerful engines and greater maneuverability. They could now be used in large numbers, and coordinated with infantry and artillery; they became effective instruments in pushing back the retreating German army. The tank came to late to influence the outcome of World War I. |
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| : The prolongation of WWI made it this. It affected the lives of all citizens no matter how remote they might be from the battlefields. WWI transformed the governments, economies, and societies of the European belligerents in fundamental ways. The need to organize masses of men and material for years of combat led to increased centralization of government powers, economic regimentation, and manipulation of public opinion to keep the war effort going. |
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| Government controls in WW I – including nationalization: |
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Definition
• Young men were being drafted
• Compulsory military service was introduced in Great Britain.
• Even countries that relied on volunteers were forced to resort to conscription, especially to ensure that skilled workers did not enlist but remained in factories that were crucial to the production of munitions.
• Free market capitalistic systems were temporarily shelved as governments experimented with price, wage, and rent controls, the rationing of food supplies and materials, the regulation of imports, and the nationalization of transportation systems and industries.
• In the view of political leaders all citizens constructed a national army dedicated to victory. |
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Term
| Impact of food supply on blockade on Germany: |
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Definition
| Germany had to import 20% of its food supply. The British blockade of Germany and a decline in farm labor made food shortages inevitable. And estimated 750,000 German civilians died of hunger during WWI. |
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Term
| Hindenburg and Ludendorff’s role |
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Definition
| Two popular military heroes. Chief of General Staff and deputy chief of staff. Both came to control the government by 1916 and virtually became the military dictators of Germany. They decreed a system of complete mobilization for total war. In the Auxiliary Service Law they required all male noncombatants between ages of 17 and 60 to work only in jobs deemed crucial of the war effort. |
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Term
| Ministry of Munitions and Lloyd George in England |
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Definition
| The need to insure an adequate production of munitions under this leader. They took numerous steps to ensure that private industry would produce war material at limited profits it developed a vast bureaucracy of 65,000 clerks to oversee munitions plants beginning in 1915 it was given the power to take over plants manufacturing war goods that did not cooperate with the government. |
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Term
| Clemenceau’s Role in France: |
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Definition
| Not until the end of 1917 did the French war government find this strong leader. He established clear civilian control of the total war government. |
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Term
| Reasons why Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Italy were less successful |
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Definition
| The autocratic empires of Russia and Austria Hungary had backward economies that proved incapable of turning out the quantity of war material needed to fight modern war. Italy lacked public enthusiasm and industrial resources needed to wage a successful total war. |
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Term
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Definition
| violence that erupted in Ireland when members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and Citizens army occupied government buildings in Dublin on Easter Sunday in 1916. The British forces crushed this rebellion and then condemned its leaders to death. |
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Term
| Jot list use of propaganda |
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Definition
| war time governments made active use of this to arouse enthusiasm for the war. |
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Definition
| The enthusiastic patriotism of workers was soon rewarded with a greater acceptance of this. To ensure that labor problems would not disrupt trade production, war governments in Britain, France, and Germany not only sought union cooperation but also for the first time allowed _________ to participate in making important government decisions on labor matters. In return, unions cooperated on wage limits and production schedules. |
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Definition
| with so many men gone at war women were called in to take over their responsibilities and jobs. Benefits were short lived. |
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Term
| Second Battle of Marne, July 18, 1918 |
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Definition
| This German attack was launched in March and lasted into July. The German forces succeeded in advancing 40 miles to this river, within 35 miles of Paris. But an allied counterattack , led by French General Ferdinand Foch and supported by the arrival of 140,000 fresh American troops, defeated the Germans at the second battle on July 18th. |
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| While socialists under this man the socialists announced the establishment of a republic. Two days later an armistice agreed to by the new German government went into effect. |
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Definition
| In 1915, after an Armenian uprising against the Ottoman government, the government retaliated with fury by killing Armenian men and expelling women and children. Within 7 months 600,000 Armenians had been killed, and 500,000 had been deported. By September 1915, an estimated 1 million Armenians were dead, the victims of genocide. |
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Term
| Role of Social Democrats in Germany |
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Definition
| The German socialists had divided into 2 groups during the war. A majority of Social Democrats still favored parliamentary democracy as a gradual approach to social democracy and the elimination of the capitalist system. A minority of German socialists, however, disgusted with the social democrats’ support of the war, had formed their own Independent Social Democratic Party in 1916. in 1918, the more radical members of the Independent Socialists favored an immediate social revolution carried out by the councils of soldiers, sailors, and workers. |
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Term
| Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht: |
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Definition
| Radical, left winged socialists that formed the German Communist Party in December 1918. In effect, two parallel governments were established in Germany: the parliamentary republic proclaimed by the majority Social Democrats and the revolutionary socialist republic declared by the radicals. |
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Term
| Woodrow Wilson and Fourteen Points(list of main ones |
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Definition
| list of 14 points that Wilson believed justified the enormous military struggle. “open covenants of peace, openly arrived at” instead of secret diplomacy; the reduction of national arrangements to a “point constant with domestic safety”; and the self determination of people so that “all well defined national aspirations shall be accorded the utmost satisfaction” |
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Term
| David Lloyd George & his goals at Versailles |
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Definition
| Prime minister of Great Britain had won a decisive electoral victory in December 1918 on a platform of making the Germans pay for this dreadful war. |
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Term
| Clemenceau & his goals at Versailles: |
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Definition
| The feisty premier of France believed that the French people had borne the brunt of German aggression and deserved revenge and security against future German aggression. He wanted to demilitarize Germany, vast German reparations to pay for the costs of the war, and a separate Rhineland as a buffer state between France and Germany |
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Definition
| this so called war guilt cause which declared Germany responsible for starting the war and ordered Germany to pay reparations for all the damage to which the allied governments and their people were subjected as a result of the war. |
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