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| Spans the period from the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, on 28 June 1914, to the general declaration of war in early August. |
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| Assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914. Member of the Black Hand. |
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Serbian (but not limited to) terrorist organization.
4. Archduke Franz Ferdinand: assassinated along with wife in Sarajevo. |
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| On 6 July 1914 Germany gave Austria-Hungary a guarantee of almost unconditional support in any war arising from its dealings with Serbia following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. This guarantee, which encouraged the hawks in Vienna, is often referred to as a 'blank cheque'. |
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| A final demand or statement of terms, the rejection of which will result in retaliation or a breakdown in |
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| Prepare and organize (troops) for active service. |
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| A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other. |
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| Ground, 12ft down into the trench, cubbies in the sides. Separated by sand bags and barbed wire, No Man's Land, then the opposing side's trench. |
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| A colorless oily liquid whose vapor is a powerful irritant and vesicant, used in chemical weapons. |
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| an automatic gun that fires bullets in rapid succession for as long as the trigger is pressed. |
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| large-caliber guns used in warfare on land, and the shells are what flew out when they were shot. |
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| a small bomb thrown by hand or launched mechanically. |
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| an explosive mine laid on or just under the surface of the ground. |
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| a series of widespread unofficial ceasefires that took place along the Western Front around Christmas of 1914, during the First World War. |
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| a poem written by poet Wilfred Owen in 1917, during the First World War, and published posthumously in 1920. Owen's poem is known for its horrific imagery and condemnation of war. |
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| top Allied leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919, following the end of World War I (1914–18). It was composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France. |
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| a treaty signed in 1919 that brought a formal end to World War I. The treaty redivided the territory of the defeated Central Powers, restricted Germany's armed forces, and established the League of Nations. It left Germany smarting under what it considered a vindictive settlement while not sufficiently restricting its ability eventually to rearm and seek forcible redress. |
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| War Guilt Claus (Article 231) |
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| Article explaining that everything that happened because of WWI was Germany's fault. |
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| the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been *cough cough Germany* |
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| an association of countries established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles to promote international cooperation and achieve international peace and security. It was powerless to stop Italian, German, and Japanese expansionism leading to World War II and was replaced by the United Nations in 1945. |
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| The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. People in Europe generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but his Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism. |
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| the practice of forming or pursuing ideals, esp. unrealistically |
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| Staying out of foreign affairs. |
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| the principal figure in the Russian Revolution and first premier of the Soviet Union 1918–24; born Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov. He was the first political leader to attempt to put Marxist principles into practice. In 1917 he established Bolshevik control after the overthrow of the tsar and in 1918 became head of state. |
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| Soviet statesman; general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1922–53; born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. In 1928, he launched a succession of five-year plans for rapid industrialization and the enforced collectivization of agriculture. His large-scale purges of the intelligentsia in the 1930s were equally ruthless. |
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| a system of labor camps maintained in the Soviet Union from 1930 to 1955 in which many people died. |
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| organize (something) on the basis of ownership by the people or the state, abolishing private ownership or involvement |
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| Collectivization, Dekulakization, Gulag |
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| a judicial trial held in public with the intention of influencing or satisfying public opinion, rather than of ensuring justice. (Propaganda) |
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| a member of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which was renamed the Communist Party after seizing power in the October Revolution of 1917. |
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Communists
Counter-revolutionary or reactionary. |
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| a dynasty that ruled in Russia from the accession of Michael Romanov (1596–1645) in 1613 until the overthrow of the last tsar, Nicholas II, in 1917. Was murdered. |
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| Russian monk. He exerted great influence over Tsar Nicholas II and his family during World War I; this influence, combined with his reputation for debauchery, steadily discredited the imperial family, and he was assassinated by a group loyal to the tsar. Helped "cure" Alexi's hemophilia. |
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| a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers, headed by Germany, marking Russia's exit from World War I. |
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| an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it state capitalism. Allowing some private ventures, the NEP allowed small animal businesses or smoke shops, for instance, to reopen for private profit while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries. |
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| a Russian Marxist, Bolshevik revolutionary, and Soviet politician. |
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