• 1814-17
• Near Conclusion of Napolonic Wars
• Decide what post Napolean Europe will look like

• 1769-1821
• Changed boundaries in Europe
• Eliminated "ancien regime"- the old order
• changed nobility in Europe
• Exiled to Elba and later St Helena

1. Robert Stuart (GB)
2. Prince Karl von Hardenberg (Prussia)
3. Prince Metternich (Austria)
4. Tsar Alexander I (Russia)
5. Tallyrand (France)

• power over something
• address social issues

• Peace Treaties
• Competing Ideologies
• Reactionary Movements

Peace Treaties after Congress of Vienna

Goals

1. Impose program of alliances and deterrants
2. containment of France
3. Prussia maintains old alliances with GB
4. keep eachother in check

1. Napoleonic Wars
2. Rise of Industrialization
3. Issue of Social Rights
4. Moral Reform

• Karl Marx
• journalist
• Communist Manifesto
• stuggle of bourgeosie and prolitariat (working class)

• 1867
• Abolishen of Capital
• Victory of Prolitariat
• End of political state
• Result in liberation of Humanity

1. Universal Manhood Suffrage
2. Freedom of assembly and freedom for speech
3. National unity (esp. southern Europe)

1. Workers Rights
2. Call for constitutional Reforms
3. poverty and other social issues
4. Threat of violence

• 1861 ascends to Prussian throne
• expands military
• parliament opposes bc there is question as to who will lead new, larger army--parliament or monarchy

• member of Junkers
• nationalistic
• 1862 becomes Minister President of Prussia
• Wants to unify Germany thru "Blood and Iron"

• 1866
• Austria defeated
• Austria expelled from German Confederation

• 1868 Spanish throne vacant
• Wilhelm offers nephew
• Angers French, who dont want German influence on both borders
• French declare war 1870

• 1870
• Prussian Victory
• Rest of France falls

• Ends Franco-Prussian War (1871)
• France to pay Prussia
• Prussia occupy France until debt paid
• Alsace and Lorraine Territory given to Prussia (western border of Germ. Confederation)

• 1871 Created
• Germany begins to search out allies

• Germ., Russ., Aust. alliance
• isolate France
• maintain existing territorial arrangements in Europe
• Resist Revolutionary and Socialist movements
• mutual consultation in case of international difficulties
• resolve any issues between Russia and Austria concerning BALKINS

Treaty of Berlin

• 1878
• In response to Balkin revolt against Ottomans
• Russians removed from Balkins
• Bosnia and Herzegonnia placed under Austrian control

• agreement between Germany and Austria
• military support in event Russian attacks either, or invades Balkans
• neutrality if attacked by any other nation (France), other than Russia

• 1881
• Emphasized destruction of radical movements
• Balkins divided into 2 spheres of influence

1. Bosnia/Herzegovna-Austria
2. Bulgaria-Russia

• Neutrality if any three powers went to war with 4th power (France)

• 1882
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• political attempt to recreate HRE
• Neutral against other power if attacked
• Germany now in three seperate alliances

• after collapse of 2nd dreikaiserbund
• Bismarck worries about 2 front war
• Russia and Germ. remain neutral against one another if involved in war with 3rd party
• exception if Germ. attacked France/if Russia attacked Austria
• renew in 1890

1. Wilhelm I dies-Succeeded by Wilhelm II who refuses to reaffirm treaty
2. Bismarck steps down from office

• 1893
• two front war on Germany now more of threat

• 1892
• Brit. protection of far East colonial possessions
• Puts Japan on world stage

Entente Cordiale

• 1904
• Russia, Germany, Brit
• Friendly grouping

• Wilhelm II lands in Tangiers
• expects foreign dignitary treatment& fair treatment for German commerce
• French outraged
• Brit do not want Germ. naval base in area
• Seen as attempt to disrupt Entente Cordiale

• 1904
• Japanese wipe out Russian navy
• Diplomatic end mediated thru Teddy Roosevelt

• 1907
• Brit, France, and Russia
• by product of Russo-Japan War
• Brings Brit into any future confrontation between Germany and allies

• kicks off arms race between powers

• 1908
• young Turky party demand constitutional government
• Sultan of Ottoman Empire gives in
• Bulgaria declares itself independant 1908
• shift in power leads to Austrian annexation of Bosnia/Herzegovinia
• Serbs now subjecated to Austria-Hungary

• political union
• serbia, bulgaria,monenegro,and greece

• 1911
• political demonstrations against French gov't--more violent
• lead to Morocco being estab.as French protectorate

1st Balkan War

1912

• Serbs object to Bosnia-Herz. being under control of Austria
• Bulgaria advances on Ott.Emp
• Montenegro declares war on Ott.Emp
• Ottomans declare war on-GRC.SERB.BULG.

• 1913
• Serbs, Greeks,Montenegro, Romania all declare war on Bulgaria
• while going on Austria creates Albania to deny Serb access to Adriatic sea

• Austrian Archduke killed to spark WWI
• June 28 1914

• Serb assasin of Franz Ferdinand -leading to WWI

• Alexander Hoyos sent to Germany to secure its backing in Austrian war with Serbia
• July 5 1914

• Germany promises Austria full support
• What Austria does with Serbs is Austria's affair
• If Russians intervene, Germany would support Austria

The Ultimatum

on Serbia from Austro-Hung.

• July 23, 1914

1. Remove all terrorists organizations w/in its borders
2. suppress any anti-Austrian propaganda
3. Serbs accept AH representatives and their own internal inquiry into assassination

• timeframe to prepare to leave
• build up military w/reserves and non military volunteers
• approx. 30 day period

• Heart of Germ. military design
• 2 front war
• 70% army goes from North to take Paris in 14days
• Then move to support remaining 30% in Russia (100% army ending in Russia)
• whole war=28 days

• Russian mobilization before Germany ready
• Contingent on going thru Belgium
• opposition from Belgium civilians
• takes longer than 14 days to get to Paris

• German 1st Army attempts to advance to Paris through Liege
• First Land Battle of War
• Outrages over German civilian killing of Belgiums

• German General at Leige

• French Commander
• War Plans:

1. French Army mobilize as quickly as German army
2. deploy forces in either North/East
3. provide advance guard that would identify main thrust of german attack

1. Mulhouse
2. Lorraine
3. Ardennes
4. Charleroi
5. Mons

• Commander of BEF

Battles in Eastern Front

(Russia)

• Battle of Stalluponen
• Gumbinnen
• Tannenberg

• Sept. 1914
• On the western front
• ends all army movements that have been going since August

• stalemate between German and France
• Creates a border

First Battle of Ypres

Oct/Nov 1914

• "Race to the Sea"
• Both sides try to reach north sea coast 1st
• Ypres is go to site for battles during war
• First indication of type of war this is going to be

• 1st Naval Battle
• Success for Brit.

• Germany's largest foreign Naval Base
• Home of East Asiatic Squadron

German naval Admiral

Commander of East Asiatic Squadron

Would Face Brit Navy Fleets @ Battle of Coronel

• Gave Japan Legit Reason to enter war
• test theories, expand empire (Pan-asian)
• Eject non Asians from China& Pacific
• Fufill own destiny

• List of demands from Japan to China
• Jan. 8 1915
• Lays groundwork for WWII

• Nov. 1 1914
• Major Naval victory for Germ.
• Britt assemble larger force to avenge loss

• Dec 8 1914
• Spee not realized Brit had resestablished themselves so quickly
• Spee attempts "last stand"
• Germ loses 4/5 ships
• last ship surrenders but ship sank to avoid giving to Brit

Ottoman Empire

End of 1914

• Russians declare war on Ottoman Emp. Nov. 2
• dispute over Russian access to Med. Sea
• Ottomans side with Germans
• GB and Fr. declare war on Ottomans Nov. 5
• Allies target Dardanelle Straits

• Peninsula between Black Sea and Med. sea
• allies target to allow Russia to get ships out into Med.
• Allies will be able to send supplies to Russia

• W. Front stalemate allies look to Med. for allied victory
• Plan to invade Dardanelle "Churchill Plan"

• 3rd Naval attack Failure on Dardanelles

• Australian and New Zealand force
• sent to aid Brit @ Dardanelles
• many lost and still bitter memory today in Aust. and NZ

• Ground attack after failed naval attempts in Dardanelle
• April 25 allies attempt landing
• ANZAC s sent in
• Cant get over hills off coast

• French Naval Minister
• Supports "Churhill Plan"
• Didnt want Brit to have any military victory on its own

• Admiral of Brit. Fleet
• doubts Churchill Plan