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| Important People/Event of the 20th Century |
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| New technology; Famine in India, Emma Goldman, Boxer Rebellion & Friedrich Nietzsche |
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| airplane; sons of Bishop and Susan Wright; had been interested in planes since childhood |
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| Examples of New Technology |
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| telephones, electric light, automobile |
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| Social Effects of New Technology |
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| few expected family members would live hundreds of miles apart; our weapons skills exceeded out political skills or moral capacity to want to do good |
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| 1875-1900: 15 million dead; human phenomenon |
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| India vulnerable to crops; planted cash crops only = jute, tea & cotton |
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| India + Nationalism/Imperialism |
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British govt protected free trade to get to grain; Englad pulls grain out of India for global market - Millions starved
*There is a growing gap b/w local economies and international business |
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| economic inequality stimulates social and political conflict - anarchism; institutions are by definition evil or dehumanizing; society = bosses & workers; production based on profit (capitalism) |
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| Christian anarchism, rejection church authority but believing in God |
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| assassinated in 1901 - 7th global leader to be killed |
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spheres of influence - "carve it up"
Open door policy China
also called "Fists of Righteous Harmony"
*Theme: agression towards international & response to that |
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"God is dead" & we are killing him; associated with Hitler/Nazis
-Read Arthur Schopenhauer
-pessimistic
-Life is about the will to life
-Impacted modern though |
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| Precursor to Existentialism |
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| Nietzsche - life affirming; self overcoming |
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"the abyss also gazes into you"
"that which does not kill you makes you stronger"
"a man's maturity consists in having found..." |
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Preconditions: history is evolving, earth is old enough for evolution to have taken place; cell is basic building block of life
--these thing begin to creep into the mainstream |
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| Charles Darwin & Herbert Spencer |
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Darwin
-HMS Beagle
-Natural Selection
-English Peppered moth
- Life is a struggle for existence
Spencer - survival of the fittest |
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| id, ego, superego; unconcious |
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-devastating effect on the idea of progress and reason
-world is irrational, chaotic and random
-no longer possible to say progress is ever-unfolding in the West Civil.
-Hopelessness & Despair |
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| anti-war novel about a torso and a brain left alive on the battlefield - Johnny Got His Gun |
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elected to presidency; inexperienced in international affairs
"irony of fate...deal chiefly with foreign powers" |
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1. Nationalism
2. Failed Diplomacy
3. Militarism |
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European competition for land in Africa increases tensions
National honor defined by colonial empires, winning global/territorial/economic competition
-from old imperialism to new imperialism |
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| New Imperialism - Nationalism/WWI |
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-quest for wealth
-geopolitics
-National prestige (ie Nationalism)
-social darwinism
-Chrisitanity |
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result of imperialism; it included people that weren't Austrian
many of these did not actually want to be a part of this empire |
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| Historians spend a lot of time INTERPRETING history |
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Europe had resisted German unification..WHY?
-Germany would be big and powerful and right in the middle of Europe - this would DISRUPT Europe's balance of power |
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| series of alliances --> goes to Austria-Hungary B/C big, German, traditional enemy (diplomatic coup), includes France & Britain |
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| failed to renew alliance with Russia, BIG mistake for Germany |
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| Allied Powers - France, Russia, Britain |
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| Central Powers - Germany, Austro-Hungarian, Italy |
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| an arms race; armies were bigger & more professional; average Europ. army had doubled in size b/w 1890-1914; Russian army had 13 mil men; France & Germany had 900,000 each |
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| "Ypu never grow to need the space you don't provide" |
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1.Serbian Nationalist kills Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand --activates alliances
2. Austris-Hungary wants to punish Serbia --request alliance w/ Germany & Italy
3. Russia mobilizes to help Serbia
4. Germany mobilizes to help A-H agains France and Russia
5. Germany invades Belgium to get to France: Schliefflen Plan
6. GB intervenes to help France
7. Japan wanted to seize German holdings in the Pacific |
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| 10 million men dead in 4 year; 20 million permanently wounded; scholars describe it as 'mass death' (Europeans first exper. of mass death) |
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| How was "Mass Death" possible? |
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| Technological developments expanded/exploded on the scene; Maxim gun - 600 rounds/min; U-Boats, barbed wire, airplanes, battleships, mustard gas, armed vehicles & tanks |
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Germany thought Russia would take weeks to get ready for war; they could send troops to france quickly defeat them and then go to Russia
-AUGUST 4, 1914: WWI Began
Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente |
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| First Battle of the Marne |
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| advent of trench warfare; 19th Century - war was offensive, in the 20th century - war was defensive; GRUESOME - trench warfare |
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| Single WORST battle; 700,000 casualties; scale of destruction exceeds history |
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| Age of Uncertainty & Anxiety |
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| Darwin - grandfather: Wedgewood (pottery dude); Theory of Evolution; Descent of Man |
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| "Principles of Geology" - the earth was not created in 7 days |
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| Things to Remember About Darwin |
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-Life is a struggle for existence
-Random variation
-Natural selection
-modification of species |
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| An Essay on the Principles of Population |
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-same basic design
-same genes as fruit fly
-humans are life every other species
-Wellesley effect: periods |
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| Agression - operate drone bombers; Theory of Mind - first time you realize someone else has diff thoughts from you; THe Golden Rule; Empathy - morally bound to each other |
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| Herbet Spencer, survival of the fittest; evolution of society, Andrew Carnegie |
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| concious v. unconcious; interpretation of dreams; intellectual & cultural implications; psychoanalysis; pleasure principle; libido |
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| How Did Hitler Come to Power? |
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There is DISCONTENT in Germany after WWI
-two million of the population (a sig amount was young)
-Germany endured Treaty of Versailles
-Germans experienced psychological unsettlement, anxious and unsure about the future
-money shrinks in value VERY quickly |
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| social repercussions of 1923 inflation in article "Overwrought Nerves" |
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| Fire "war was a great school that transformed boys into mean" |
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| formed in 1919; HItler joined --became National Socialist German Workers Party = Nazi Party - focused on German workers |
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| born in Vienna, Austria; Austrian army rejected him |
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| Four and a Half Years of Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice --appeals to unsettlement, debt, treaty of vers, economic crisis |
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1. Power of Emotions - human rationality
2. Anti-Semitism - Karl Luegar (Mayor)
3. Violence won't work - Beer Hall Putsch --arrested put on trial and convicted, BUT this was a PR success-gives him a stage to talk about his idea |
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1. Great Inflation 1923 - greatest in history
2. Who works the Ruhr District
(2.5 marks to the dollar in 1938) |
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| WWI + 1923 inflation & french occupation + growing violence --> |
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| Great Depression further traumatizes German people --from prison Hitler assumed leadership of Nazi Party (i feel your pain) |
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| As Unemployment ^ so does Nazi Power..WHY? |
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| Hitler appeals to their hardships: feel your pain, Jews in the socialist party are causing you to suffer economically; 1932 - Nazis controlled a majority of seats in parliament |
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| What Did Hitler's Rise of Power Mean? |
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Chancellor (is Prime Minister) = Hitler
President - Field Marshel Paul von Hindenburg (elected by the people)
Fuehrer - Hitler's title
Article 48 --> gave the pres. special emergency powers |
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| Hitler goes to Hidenburg asks him to dimiss Reichstag - ENDS freedom of speech and assembly |
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| Hitler Renames Article 48 |
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| Decree of the President for the Protection of the People and the State |
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| When parliament reconvened, Hitler created: |
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| Enabling Act: Laws for the Termination of the Suffering of the People - power to make laws without consent |
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| 1934!! the Weimar Republic ended & Nazi Germany began |
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| WHAT did Hitler Do once in Power? |
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**Volksgemeinschaft - people community - the ideal community
1. Gliechschaltung - the act of making the same
2. "Bribery through the stomach" - Volkswagen
3. Euthanasia program - end suffering by causing death--Paraldehyde (sedative)
4. Persecution of Jews -- Nuremburg laws |
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