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-German territory taken in previous war
-The increased militarization of Europe, coupled with the lack of negotiation between major powers, led to harsh and rash actions taken by both parties in respect to Alsace-Lorraine.
-As soon as war was declared, both the French and Germans used the inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine as pawns in the growing conflict between France and Germany. |
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| French decide to be more French to win wars - what was this called? |
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| -espirit de corps, esp. Elan vital |
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-Plan to take back Alsace-Lorraine
-headed by Joffre
-made use of elan vital, to increase French morale - told every Frenchmen to be more French
-its undoing was due to German invasion through Belgium, which the Fr. had inadequately planned for
-That happened w/ the Schlieffen Plan |
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-Schlieffen: we can beat France or Russia, but not at the same time
-Let's stick with France first, since Russia's going to need six weeks to organize
-thus, we have to crush France w/in six weeks
-thus, THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN is born!
-moved from Germany, through neutral Belgium, to attack Paris from behind (East)
-When Schlieffen died before his plan could be enacted, his last words were "keep the right flank strong"
-Moltke, his successor, did not do this. He missed capturing France like the plan called for, and French troops forced the Germans into retreat (after the 1st Battle of the Marne, resulted in over 500,000 casualties
-A fault by the French, though, was that they did not dig their trenches well, not intending to be there long. The Germans, anticipating the opposite, did. |
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| Elan vital didn't work in the face of ___. |
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Blitzkrieg - all-motorised force concentration of tanks, infantry, artillery, combat engineers and air power, concentrating overwhelming force at high speed to break through enemy lines,
-employed this tactic w/ France - wanted to beat them w/in six weeks |
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-imperialism
-nationalism
-militarism (3x, 4x more advanced than 1870s)
-assassinations
-Franz Ferdinand |
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-France
-Russia
-Great Britain |
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| Fefine: Assasination of Franz Ferdinand |
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Definition
-nephew off Franz Josef, who is ruling A-H at the time
-Josef hates FF, doesn't want him to rule, thinks he's stupid
-meanwhile, Serbia is trying to entice others to come out of the A-H empire
-FF goes to Sarajevo (near Serbia) to fix that
-only, he does it on the 400th anniversary of a crucial defeat in Serbia by A-H
-FF is assassinated by Princip
-A-H, backed by Germany, declares war with Serbia, backed by Russia |
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| Who were Germany's most famous commanders? Why were they? |
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-Hindenberg and Ludendorff
-sent to help German forces fighting off Russian forces in Eastern Germany
-fight in Battle of Tannenberg, (called so to make up for an old battle of the same name)
-showed Moltke he could beat Russia first? |
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| PUT DATES NEAR EVERYTHING!! |
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-Newly arrived U.S. soldiers fought in this war, and it was the first battle with major American involvement after we'd made our war declaration
-Really Battle of Belleau Wood
-10,000 U.S. casualties
-succeeded in pushing the Germans back across the Marne to Jaulgonne. |
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-German offensive
-Americans were involved
-still not over by the time of the Armistice |
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-Haig= BEF Commander, replaced French
-Involved Kitchener's Army (British)
-Haig wanted a bombardment on the Germans that would last an entire week
-After a week, the British marched out, expecting all the Germans to be dead
-but they weren't - the German trenches were better than anticipated
-The Germans killed 20,000 British soldiers in 20 minutes
-after this, the British and German each waged counterattacks on one another
-part of the race to the sea |
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Definition
-Grand Fleet (British)
-High Seas Fleet (Germans)
--Germans have a better navy, BUT they are without the same number of ships (about 2/3)
-Focused around battlecruisers, which, as opposed to the big gun battleships, although faster, were really just used for trading purposes.
-People thought, however, that they could fight like battleships
-The Germans, thus, had a plan to trap British battle cruisers
-they sent their own cruisers out, and coerced the British into battling with their cruisers
-the Germans thought that the British had fallen right into their trap, while the British thought that the Germans had fallen right into the BRITISH trap
-Until recently, it was thought that both sides happened to have the same plan, but the British actually knew of the German plan, and were going to pull their cruisers out and have stronger ships take on the Germans, but the cruiser commander did not retreat as planned
-Each side thought they had won - the Germans retreated, and the British had suffered more casualties |
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-WW: "he kept us out of war"
-TR, to his extreme dismay, can't run again
-Hughes - smart guy from NY, but not a dynamic speaker
-had a beard, so people didn't think he was qualified
-WW planned, if he lost, to make Hughes secretary of state, while WW and his VP would resign |
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-In 1917, Hindenburg and Ludendorff replaced __ as commander
-What did Ludendorff want to do? |
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Falkenhayn
-step it up in Russia and resume unrestricted sub warfare
-worth risk for U.S. - takes a year to train them |
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| What was Russia's deal in 1917? |
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Definition
-were going to war with pikes\
-army was handled by inept Nicholas II
-Rasputin assassination, among other things, led to overthrowing of tsar nich II
-provisional government ruled for a few months, and pledged to stay in the war
-the Russians were angered, and listened to even more radicals
-Thus, the Bolsheviks and Lenin take over, and Trotsky w/ him, organizing the Red Army
-sign treaty of Brest-Litovsk to get out of war, and ended up ceding a lot of territory |
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| Why did the U.S. get into the war? |
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Definition
-zimmerman note
-unrestricted submarine warfare
-russian revolution made it seem like the allies were fighting a war for democracy
-British propaganda
-more money for the Allies by war than staying neutral |
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| Why didn't Mexico stick w/ Zmn note? |
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Definition
-U.S. might crush them
-Japan might tell Allies
-no guarantee of help from Germany |
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(Peninsula)
-After British were "outraged" at German chemical warfare
-Winston Churchill sees the strength of the British Navy, he wants to use it against GN/A-H, Ottoman powers
-but he gets caught up in ROmantic Greece/The Dardanelles
-so he goes to the Gallipoli Peninsula
-Australia/New Zealand forces famous for fighting in this battle
-Churchill thought victory over Ottomans would be easy, but turns out, they were just as prepared
-no men hurt in retreat, but with lots of casualties, the battle was not good for morale
-Churchill was angered that the general in charge left in the middle of the battle, and the one hired to replace him retreated immediately
-"He came, he saw, he capitulated"-Churchill |
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-British passenger liner
-sunk by Germans
-128 drowned Americans
-WW is outraged, thinks Americans should be able to vacation in war zones
-the second explosion that happened due to ammo we were carrying to Britain
-TR wants to go to war over this, and W.J. Bryan steps down due to Wilson's strongly worded demand to Germany to stop unrestricted submarine warfare |
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| When Moltke was thrown out, ___ replaced him |
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-Falkenhayn wants to "Bleed France White"
-Verdun was the key to French weakness in 1870
-Germany wants to invade, but the French had built a good defense
-so the Germans came and built a good defense too, hoping to invade so that when the French retaliated, they'd tire themselves out. Which they do. Until...
-Petain, the French commander says, "They shall not pass"
-The Germans do not
-Petain is a hero afterwards
-the French hold on at Verdun, and then make a counterattack
-then the Germans do
-this back and forth continues until there are 1 mil. casualties, and the Battle of the Somme ends it |
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-Ludendorff's submarine warfare is weakening Britain
-Germans are getting fresh new soldiers from Eastern front
-for the first time, the Germans actually outnumber the British
-The Germans launch a 5-Pronged Attack, complete with stormtroopers
-these were smaller, high-trained troops with grenades
-they were to rapidly achieve minor objectives and move on
-the stormtroopers worked to shock the enemy, and capture headquarters
-were also useful for getting by trenches
-Foch, a French commander, was put in charge of everyone, which allowed the allies to make decisions quicker
-Germans break into the Allied warehouses, and slow down to eat
-demoralizing to see how much stuff the Allies have
-also allowed allies to catch their breath
-Foch launches another attack
-Ludendorff has a nervous breakdown, and convinces the kaiser to surrender
-Ludendorff and Hindenburg try to resign, which only the latter achieves |
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