Term
| What is a bone fracture of a pathological cause? |
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Definition
| Bone breaks because of an underlying disease that has weakened the bone. (cancer/osteoporosis) |
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Term
| What is a bone fracture with a stress cause? |
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Definition
| Bone placed under extreme or unusual forces (MVA, falls, sports injuries) |
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Term
| What is an open bone fracture? |
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Definition
| Broken bone end protrudes through skin. |
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Term
| What is a closed bone fracture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a comminuted bone fracture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a linear bone fracture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an oblique fracture? |
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Definition
| At an angle to long axis of bone. |
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Term
| What is a spiral fracture? |
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Definition
| Break forms twisted line, torque on bone, and spiral fracture of tibia is a common ski injury. |
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Term
| What is a transverse fracture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a greenstick fracture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a transchondral fracture? |
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Definition
| Through cartilage of growth plate. |
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Term
| What is a Colle's fracture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a Pott's fracture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a Bennett's fracture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the treatments for fractures? |
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Definition
| Realign bone fragments (closed manipulation, traction, or surgery). A splint or cast will work as well. |
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Term
| What is a fracture hematoma? |
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Definition
| Occurs 6-8 hours after injury. Result of blood vessels breaking in the periosteum and the osteons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes from weeks up to 6 months to heal. Phagocytes remove cellular debris, fibroblasts deposit collagen, osteoblasts form spongy bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes several months. Spongy bone is replaced by compact bone. Fracture line disappears, but evidence of the break remains for a period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Partial loss of contact between articular surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| A partial tear of a ligament (at a joint). |
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Term
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Definition
| A partial tear of a muscle or its tendon (which can also transverse a joint). |
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Term
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Definition
| An inflammation of a tendon. (slow to heal, normal collagen replaced with weaker, disorganized collagen) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden forced motion causing the muscle to become stretched beyond its normal capacity. (local muscle damage) |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of tendonitis, where it attaches to a bony epicondyle such as those on the humorus, radium, and ulna. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the bursae. Usually because of repeated trauma such as forceful rubbing of the bursae. Septic bursitis is caused by a wound infection. Shoulders, elbows, and knees are most common sites. |
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Term
| What is Myositis Ossificans? |
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Definition
| Inflammation of muscular tissue with subsequent calcification of the muscle tissue. Congenital disorder of post trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of muscle due to severe muscle trauma. Oxygen-carrying protein of muscle (myoglobin) found in urine (myoglobinuria). |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease in which bone tissue is normally mineralized, but the density is decreased and the bone lacks structural integrity. Bone densitometry used to measure. |
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Term
| What are causes of Osteoporosis? |
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Definition
| Decreased levels of estrogen and testosterone, decreased activity, or inadequate levels of vitamin D, Vitamin, C or Mg++. Usually asymptomatic. |
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Term
| What is Osteomalacia (adults)/Rickets (Children)? |
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Definition
| Vitamin D deficiency. Disease that result in inadequate or delayed mineralization. |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Osteomalacia (adults)/Rickets (Children)? |
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Definition
| Pain, bone fractures, vertebral collapse, and bony malformations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in a state of increased metabolic activity (excessive bone remodeling). Thick but soft bones. Axial skeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone infection, most often caused by a staphylococcall infection. Open wound or blood borne pathogen. Acute and chronic inflammation. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for Osteomyelitis? |
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Definition
| Antibiotics, debridement, surgery, hyperbaric oxygen therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of diseases which destroy the joints. Synovial membrane inflammation, systemic signs and symptoms, and synovial fluid findings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Degenerative joint disease. An atypical inflammatory process. Loss of articular cartilage leaving underlying bone unprotected. Results in sclerosis of the underlying bone and formation of bone spurs (osteophytes). |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Osteoarthritis? |
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Definition
| Pain, stiffness, enlargement, tenderness, limited range of motion and deformity. Subluxation can occur with the joint enlargement and destabilization. |
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Term
| What is Rheumatoid Arthritis? |
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Definition
| The prototypical inflammatory joint disease. Systemic autoimmune damage to connective tissue primarily in the joints (synovial membrane). Affects women more often than men. |
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Term
| Rheumatioid Arthritis is... |
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Definition
| Morning joint stiffness lasting at least on hour. Swelling of soft tissue around 3 joints, and radiographic evidence of erosion's in the joints of the hands. |
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Term
| What are the key diagnostic features of Rheumatoid Arthritis? |
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Definition
| Physical exam for typical signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. |
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Term
| What is the progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis? |
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Definition
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Malaise, fever, weight loss, and joint pain lasting a day. Moves from small joints to large joints, muscle spasms leading to joint deformity, and nodules (necrotic areas) on the bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal metabolism of purine necleotides (adenine, guanine) resulting in accumulation and elevation of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) and body fluids. |
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Term
| How does high levels of Uric acid affect the body (Gout)? |
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Definition
| The acid usually forms crystals deposits in the joints and connective tissue. Triggers inflammatory response. |
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Term
| What are the Gout crystals called? |
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Definition
| Tophi (urate crystal granuloma). |
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Term
| Where do the uric acid stones form (Gout)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is secondary muscle dystrophy? |
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Definition
| Stress induced muscle tension. Caused by an increased activity of the reticular activating system (RAS) and chronic anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic non-inflammatory musculoskeletal syndrome. Vague painful symptoms. Etiology is unknown. |
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Term
| With fibromyalgia what is the only effective treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction in muscle the normal size of muscle cells due to prolonged inactivity and muscular deconditioning. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for disuse atrophy? |
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Definition
| Isometric movements and muscle lengthening exercises. |
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