Term
|
Definition
| Filtration of waste laden blood in the glomerulus. |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular Filtrate is located in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood minus the formed elements and the majority of the plasma proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of waste materials from the body to the filtrate. |
|
|
Term
| Fenestration (pore) of glomerular endothelial cell (center layer): |
|
Definition
| Prevents filtration of blood cells but allows all components of blood plasma to pass through. |
|
|
Term
| Basal lamina of glomerulus (middle layer) |
|
Definition
| Prevents filtration of larger proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Slit membrane between pedicels (outer layer): |
|
Definition
| Prevents filtration of medium sized proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of returning important substances from the filtrate back to the body. |
|
|
Term
| What percent of solutes are reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
| 99% (reabsorption can be active or passive) |
|
|
Term
| What solutes are reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
| Glucose, Na+, K+, vitamins, water, amino acids, and proteins |
|
|
Term
| In filtration and re-absorption... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must be maintained in both extracellular and intracellular compartments? |
|
Definition
| Electrolyte neutrality. The number of cations (+ ions) and anions (- ions) must be equal. |
|
|
Term
What are the solute amounts in Plasma?
(Water, Protein, Glucose, Urea and Creatinine) |
|
Definition
Water is 3L
Protein is 200g
Glucose is 3g
Urea is 1 g
Creatinine is 0.3g |
|
|
Term
What are the solute amounts in 180L of filtrate a day?
(Water, Protein, Glucose, Urea and Creatinine) |
|
Definition
Water is 180L
Protein is 10-20g
Glucose is 180g
Urea is 54g
Creatinine is 1.4g |
|
|
Term
What are the solute amounts in urine a day?
(Water, Protein, Glucose, Urea and Creatinine) |
|
Definition
Water is 1-2L
Protein is 0g
Glucose is 0g
Urea is 25g
Creatinine is 1.4g |
|
|
Term
| Increased blood concentration= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased ambient temperature= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased urine production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If the filtrate concentration of a substance cannot be reabsorbed fast enough then the renal threshold of that substance will be reached and the substance will spill into the urine. |
|
|
Term
| Normal Urine Output volume is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal color for urine is |
|
Definition
| Various shades of yellow. |
|
|
Term
| Turbidity for normal urine is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal pH for urine? |
|
Definition
| 5.0-6.5(can vary depending on diet and disease 4.5-8.0) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Specific gravity of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the chemicals in urine? |
|
Definition
| Water, urea, creatinine, ketones, Na+, K+, bicarbinate, and small amounts of uric acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urine examination for presence of solutes. Microscopic analysis is a visualization of urinary sediment. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant plasma protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glomerular filter blocks anything... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tubular capacity for protein? |
|
Definition
| The system has limited protein absorption and is easily overwhelmed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When protein cannot be absorbed and is excreted by urine. |
|
|
Term
| Proteinuria usually means... |
|
Definition
| There is damage to the glomeruli. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) looking for? |
|
Definition
| Urea, ammonia, and other nitrogen based compounds. |
|
|
Term
| How does kidney failure affect your BUN? |
|
Definition
| These nitrogen compounds can't pass through the filter and build up in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| Creatinine is a waste product of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creatinine is directly related to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creatinine clearance rate per min? |
|
Definition
Men 97-137 mL
Women 88-128 mL |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular Filtration Rate measures... |
|
Definition
| This is a measurement of how much blood is filtered through the glomerulus and becomes filtrate. |
|
|
Term
| Normal Glomerular Filtration rate = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the GFR for kidney failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) are caused by? |
|
Definition
| Underlying disorders (infections or obstructions), increased dietary intake of specific chemicals (Ca++ and PO4), high or low pH levels and dehydration. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of kidney stones? |
|
Definition
| Flank pain radiating to the groin area, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. |
|
|
Term
| What are the lab findings of kidney stones? |
|
Definition
| High urine specific gravity, hematuria (bloody urine), and possible crystals on microscopic exam. |
|
|
Term
| How are kidney stones diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| By performing an IV Pyelogram (IVP). |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of kidney stones? |
|
Definition
| High fluid intake, stone extraction, and stone fragmentation (laser or ultrasound). |
|
|
Term
| Kidney stones can cause... |
|
Definition
| Renal failure and predispose to infections. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Obstructive uropathy cause by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder. Both CNS or spinal cord damage can be a cause. |
|
|
Term
| What causes a Pt's loss in Voluntary voiding? |
|
Definition
| Loss of upper motor neuron function in the primary neuron between the cortex and sacrum. |
|
|
Term
| What causes a Pt's loss of both Voluntary and involuntary urination? |
|
Definition
| Loss of lower motor neurons in the peripheral nerves from the sacrum due to disruption of the sacral reflex. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main pathogen that causes urinary tract infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other causes of UTI's? |
|
Definition
| Surgery, catheters, diabetes, ptosis, prostatic hyperplasia, and STD'd. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Common in females.
Uncommon in males.
STD's are common in both sexes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of an UTI? |
|
Definition
| Dysuria (burning urination, urgency and frequency), Incontinence, and lower back or flank pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infectious or Non-infectious inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of Cystitis? |
|
Definition
| Painful, burning urination, frequency, urgency, hematuria (not always), and foul smelling and cloudy urine. |
|
|
Term
| What are the lab findings for Cystitis? |
|
Definition
| WBC's with/without bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Pyelonephritis is caused by? |
|
Definition
| Infections (but not always). Ascending microorganisms, urinary obstruction, condition that causes urinary reflux, or urine retention. |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Pyelonephritis? |
|
Definition
| Fever, chills, back pain, dysuria, and frequency. |
|
|
Term
| What are the lab findings for Pyelonephritis? |
|
Definition
| WBC's and WBC casts, with/without bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| How is a renal cast formed? |
|
Definition
| A protein normally secreted by renal tubule cells accumulates and takes the form of the tubule. Indicates a decrease in GFR. |
|
|
Term
| What is glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
| Group of diseases of the glomerulus that are caused by immune responses, toxins, vascular disorders and other systemic diseases. |
|
|
Term
| What is the hallmark of glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
| Hemauria (blood in the urine). |
|
|
Term
| In glomerulonephritis, what causes the damage? |
|
Definition
| Activation of the inflammatory process (complement, WBC's and fibrin). |
|
|
Term
| The inflammation process changes what in glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
| The permeability of the glomerular membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Lab findings for Glomerulonephritis are? |
|
Definition
| RBC's in urine, Proteinuria, RBC casts, and increased serum BUN and creatinine levels. |
|
|
Term
| Lupus Nephritis is a form of... |
|
Definition
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. |
|
|
Term
| Systemic Lupus (SLE) is an... |
|
Definition
| Autoimmune disease that affects the kidneys. |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of kidney dysfunction due to SLE? |
|
Definition
| Proteinuria, edema, and nephrotic syndrome. |
|
|
Term
| What are treatments of SLE? |
|
Definition
| Corticosteroids to suppress autoimmunity and dialysis and or kidney transplant. |
|
|
Term
| What is nephrotic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| A group of symptoms including protein in the urine, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol levels and edema. Fat may also be in the urine. |
|
|
Term
| Nephrotic syndrome is secondary too... |
|
Definition
| Toxemia of pregnancy, diabetes, systemic lupus erythromatosis (SLE) or glomerulonephritis. |
|
|
Term
| Loss of various blood proteins affects blood pressure how... |
|
Definition
| Lowers blood pressure, allowing water to leave the capilaries, and encourages edema. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if too much albumin is lost because of nephrotic syndrome... |
|
Definition
| The liver will work overtime to replace the albumin. In the process the liver will create to many lipoproteins. This will be Hyperlipidemia. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of renal failure? |
|
Definition
| Pre-renal, Intrarenal, and Post-renal. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Pre-renal stage? |
|
Definition
| (Renal Hypoperfusion) Hypovolemia, shock, cardac failure, and hypotension. (Problem is before the kidneys) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Intrarenal stage? |
|
Definition
| (In the kidneys) Renal ischemia, acute tubular necrosis, toxins, glomerulopathies, or malignancies. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Post-renal stage? |
|
Definition
| (urinary obstruction, after the kidneys) Tumors stones, clots and outlet obstructions. |
|
|
Term
| What is acute renal failure? |
|
Definition
| Rapid deterioration of renal function with an accompanying elevation of BUN and plasma creatinine. (Uremia) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of renal failure? |
|
Definition
| Oliguria (1 day after hypotensive event, may last 1-3 weeks), Diuresis, Recovery. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of renal failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute Tubular Necrosis is associated with... |
|
Definition
| Sepsis, burns, trauma, or severe hypotension. |
|
|
Term
| Acute Tubular Necrosis causes Ischemia and ... |
|
Definition
| Generates oxygen radicals and inflammatory mediators that cause swelling, injury and necrosis of renal cells. |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Renal Failure results in... |
|
Definition
| Progressive and irreversible loss of nephron mass (renal atrophy). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The decline of renal function and the accumulation and retention of toxic wastes (increasing BUN and creatinine) in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| Chronic renal failure also causes... |
|
Definition
| Anemia, Metabolic acidosis, Elevated BUN and creatinine, Hypertension due to electrolyte imbalance, and cardiovascular disturbances (from elevated K+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the name associated with the illness that kidney failure brings. |
|
|
Term
| Effects of uremia on the skeletal system are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of uremia on the cardiopulmonary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of uremia on the Neurologic system? |
|
Definition
| Encephalopathy (uremic toxins). |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of uremia on the Endocrine system? |
|
Definition
| Decreased growth hormone. |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of uremia on the Hematologic system? |
|
Definition
| Reduced Erythropoietin (hormone that controls red blood cell production). |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of uremia on the GI system? |
|
Definition
| Retention of urochromes, urea and acids. |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of uremia on the Immune system? |
|
Definition
| Cell mediated immunity suppression. |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of uremia on the Reproduction system? |
|
Definition
| Sexual dysfunction, amenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle), infertility, and decreased libido. |
|
|
