Term
| What is Multiple Sclerosis? |
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Definition
| When the body's own immune system attacks the myelin sheath of myelinated neurons therefore decreasing neuron's effeciency and speed. |
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Term
| What causes Multiple Sclerosis? |
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Definition
| Scientist Do Not know but prevalent theories include viruses, genetics or enviromental factors. |
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Term
| Who has a predisposition to Multiple Sclerosis? |
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Definition
| Women are more commonly affected and European descendents. |
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Term
| What age groups is most Multiple Sclerosis diagnosed between? |
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Definition
| Age 20-40 but can be diagnosed at any time during life. |
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Term
| How do you diagnose Multiple Sclerosis? |
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Definition
| through MRI and Physical examinations. |
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Term
| What are some Key symptoms of MS? |
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Definition
| Visual Disorders, bladder and bowel dysfunction, impaired mobility, sexual dysfunction and chronic aching pain. |
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Term
| How is Multiple Sclerosis Treated? |
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Definition
| With the use of Interferons such as: Beta-1a, Beta-1b, copaxone, gilenva, novantrone and Tysabri. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Smooth Brain" or a Neuronal Migration Disorder. This means that in fetal development neurons fail to migrate to their correct area of the brain which results in a smooth brain or a brain with less surface area. |
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Term
How prevelant is Lissencephaly and who is more prone to get it?
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Definition
| It is a rare genetic disorder affecting 1 in 85,000 people with a higher occurrence in males. |
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Term
| What is the Mortality rate of Lissencephaly? |
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Definition
| 50% die by age ten and few live longer than 20 years old. |
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Term
| What is the cause of Lissencephaly? |
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Definition
| A mutation and deletion in LIS1 and DCX genes! |
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Term
| What are some classic symptoms of Lissencephaly? |
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Definition
| Hypotonia (low muscle tone), seizures, delayed motor skills and poor feeding habits. All of these happen within the first year of life. |
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Term
| What are clinical symptoms of Lissencephaly? |
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Definition
| Tests show elevated Bilirubin leves and Gastroesophageal Reflux. |
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Term
| What is often the actual cause of death in a Lissencephaly patient? |
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Definition
| Recurrent aspiration and Pneumonia |
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Term
| How is Lessencephaly diagnosed? |
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Definition
| Clinical diagnosis includes use of an Electroencephalographic (EEG). |
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Term
| What is a common EEG characteristic in an Lissencephaly patient? |
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Definition
| An elevated Alpha-Beta waves. |
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Term
| How is Lissencephaly treated? |
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Definition
| Their is No Cure but physicians work to treat symptoms associated with Lissencephaly. |
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Term
| What are symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)? |
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Definition
| Dementia, muscle twithces and spasms, loss of vision |
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Term
| Who is most commonly affected by CJD? |
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Definition
| Individuals around 60 years old. |
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Term
| What is the prognosis for a patient with CJD? |
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Definition
| 90% have less than a year to live. |
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Term
| What is the prevelance of CJD? |
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Definition
| 1 in 1 million and 200 new cases a year in the US. |
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Term
| What is the cause of CJD? |
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Definition
| Infectious prions (PrP-res) cause normal prions (PrP-sen) in the brain to stick to each other which form Amyloid Fibers. Astrocytes clean up dead cells leaving holes in the brain. |
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Term
| What is the most common spongiform disease? |
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Definition
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease |
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Term
| How do you Diagnose Creutzfeldt-Jakobs Disease? |
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Definition
| There is no specific test to diagnose CJD but certain procedures can be helpful in diagnosis. An (MRI) can be used to discover patterns of brain degeneration. An (EEG) can be used to find specific areas affected by CJD. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective Sound Sensitivity Syndrome |
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Term
| How does Misophonia work? |
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Definition
| Certain sounds stimulate a sympathetic nervous system response. This produces symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating and muscle tension. |
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Term
| Misophonia is believed to result from an abnormally strong connection between which systems? |
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Definition
| The autonomic and limbic systems |
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Term
| What other auditory conditions is Misophonia usually associated with? |
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Definition
Hyperacusis: oversensitivity to a certain frequency range of sound.
Phonophobia: fear of sound.
Tinnitus: perception of sound in absence of sound or ringing in the ears. |
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Term
| ADD is characterized by what 3 behaviors? |
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Definition
| Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity |
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Term
| What is the prevalence and gender differences associated with ADD? |
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Definition
| 9.5% of children 3-17/yrs old are diagnosed each year. Boys are twice as likely to be diagnosed with ADD. |
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Term
| Which states have the lowest and highest rates of ADD? |
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Definition
| Nevada at 5.6% and North Carolina at 15.6% |
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Term
| What are the main brain parts involved with ADD? |
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Definition
| The Limbic system, frontal lobes and the Recticular Activating System. |
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Term
| What are the main neurotransmitters involved with ADD? |
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Definition
| Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Acetylcholine and Glutamate. |
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Term
| What drugs are used to treat ADD? |
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Definition
| Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and Dextroamphetamine (Adderall) |
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Term
| What are Hemiplegic Migraines? |
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Definition
| A primary Neural/Vascular disorder. Dilation of the blood vessels surrounding the brain cause pain and activation of neural activity. |
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Term
| Who is more prone to Hemiplegic Migraines? |
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Definition
| Typically affects adolescents and women more frequently. |
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Term
| Familial Hemiplegic Migraine type 1 (FHM1) affects what channels and what chromosome is the gene located? |
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Definition
| It affects Ca2+ channel structure and is located on Chromosome 19. |
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Term
| Familial Hemiplegic Migraine type 2 (FHM2) affects what channels and what chromosome is the gene located? |
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Definition
| It affects Na+and K+channel structure on Chromosome 19. |
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Term
| what parts of the brain are affected in patients with Hemiplegic Migraines? |
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Definition
| The brain-stem and diencephalic nuclei are affected by the change in ion gate protien structure. This changes the ionic balances and affects the depolorization and hyperpolarization of nerves. |
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Term
| What are some Pharmacological treatments for Hemiplegic Migraines? |
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Definition
| Calcium Channel Blockers (Verapamil), beta blockers, Tricyclic antidepressants, Cortical hyper excitability durgs (valproate, toprimate, Amytriptyline, propranolol) |
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Term
| What is the primary function of Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells? |
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Definition
| They set the circadian rhythm. |
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Term
| How are the Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells connected to the brain? |
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Definition
| They are directly connected through the suprachiasmatic nucleus. |
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Term
| How do Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells react when contacted by light? |
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Definition
| Normal rods and cones hyperpolarize when stimulated by light but MRGC actually depolarize instead. |
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Term
| Besides for the Suprachiasmatic nucleus, how else are the MRGC associated with the brain? |
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Definition
| They are heavily innervate the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus which suggest they play a role in spatial vison. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to identify a person by their face. |
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Term
| What is the cause of Prosopagnosia? |
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Definition
| Most are caused by stroke, illness or physical damage. Other times it maybe due to underdevelopment of facial recongiztion brain areas. |
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Term
| What is thought to be the final area of facial processing? |
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Definition
| A small fold in the Temporal lobe called the Fusiform Facial Area. |
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Term
| Where is information identified as organic or inorganic? |
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Definition
| The Superior Temporal Sulcus |
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Term
| What areas of the brain sub-process facial information? |
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Definition
| Right Temporal Lobe, Left Temporal Lobe, Prefrontal Cortex |
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Term
| What is Neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen disease)? |
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Definition
| an Autosomial Dominant genetic disorder in where tumors are grown along nervous tissue. |
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