Term
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Definition
| A diagnosable disorder of thought, mood, or behavior that causes distress or impaired functioning. |
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Term
| What is the stress responses to a person with a Biological basis of Anxiety Disorders? |
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Definition
| Avoidance behavior, increased vigilance and arousal, Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System, Release of Cortisol from Adrenal Glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal |
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Term
| How is the HPA Axis regulated? |
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Definition
| Amygdala recieves cortical input that stimulates a response. It transmits its response through the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis which is connected to the Hypothalmus. The Hypothalmus then uses the HPA by releasing Corticotropic-Releasing Hormone (CRH) that stimulates the release of AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH) from the anterior Pituitary that goes through the blood till it reaches the Adrenal glands. |
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Term
| What is the brain structure that is not functioning properly in Chronic Anxiety and Depression patients? |
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Definition
| The Hippocampus has a negative feed back on the HPA Axis. If it is not functioning then it does not inhibit the release of Cortisol. |
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Term
| How does Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) interact with Serotonin? |
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Definition
| BDNF protein goes through Anterograde transport and relased to activate Trk B receptors. Activation of Trk B receptors leads to increased 5-HT(serotonin) synthesis and release. This increases the synaptic activity of 5-HT which results in increase of BDNF Transcription. It is a Positve Feedback Mechanism. |
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Term
| What can a fMRI and PET show in people with Anxiety Disorders? (actvivity of brain structures) |
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Definition
| Increased baseline activity in the Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri. Increased response in the Amygdala and prefrontal cortex to anxiety provoking stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a very high (GABAr) and is the priciple site for fear/emotion regulation. |
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Term
| What are 3 different areas of treatment for Anxiety Disorders? |
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Definition
Cognitive Therapy,
Behavioral Therapy,
Pharmacotherapy. |
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Term
| What are some different types of Behavioral Therapies for Anxiety disorders? |
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Definition
| Systematic desensitization (Teaching a patient to relax during anxiety cues) and Aversion Therapy (avoiding anxiety cues) |
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Term
| What are some different types of drugs used in Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders? |
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Definition
| BZDs, Beta Blockers, SSRIs and CRH blockers. |
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Term
| Depression is associated with what variations in brain activity? |
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Definition
Decreased activity in the left prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex.
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Term
| Many people become depressed after what type of brain damage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is there a gender difference in reference to prevalnce of Childhood Depression? |
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Definition
| It is equally common in boys and girls. |
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Term
| When is depression twice as common in females? |
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Definition
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Term
| The consistent findings related to depression and gender suggest a biological factor-- why? |
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Definition
| Because it is consistent across many cultures. |
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Term
| What is the Monoamine Hypothesis? |
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Definition
| It argues that MDD is due to a deficiency of amine NTs (especially NE and 5HT) or the alteration in receptor number and activation. |
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Term
| What is are drugs used to Treat MDD and other Affective Disorders? |
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Definition
| Antidepressants such as: MAO inhibitors (block the breakdown of NTs), Tricyclic (block the reuptake of NTs), SSRIs (block the reuptake of Serotonin), SNRIs (once again a reuptake inhibito), NDRIs, SNSRIs. |
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Term
| What is the main goal in Pharmacotherapy of Affective Disorders? |
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Definition
| Block the reuptake/breakdown of Neurotransmitters therefore allowing more NTs to be left in the Synaptic cleft which allows more chance that the will bond with receptors and facilitate a reaction. |
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Term
| What are some other "therapies" used to treat Depression? |
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Definition
- Light Therapy
- Sleep Deprivation
- Exercise
- Diet rich in NTs derivatives
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Term
| What structural brain changes are prevalent in Schizophrenic patients? |
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Definition
| Disorganization of cells in the Hippocampus |
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Term
| What are some Treatments for Schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| Antipsychotics both Typical and Atypical. Both work to block dopamine and seratonin receptors (Antagonist) |
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