isotonic solution

facilatated diffusion

diffusion assisted by carrier molecules

active transport

A kind of transport wherein ions or molecules move against a concentration gradient, which means movement in the direction opposite that of diffusion – or – movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Hence, this process will require expenditure of energy, and the assistance of a type of protein called a carrier protein.

passive transport

a type of facilatated transport

chromosome

(twisted DNA u dont see until PMAT)

chromosomes untwisted u see before the cell splits

The two strands joined together by a single centromere, formed from the duplication of the chromosome during the early stages of cell division and then separate to become individual chromosomes during the late stages of cell division.

base

HC0₃

anything that attracts hydrogens or protons

is a proton acceptor

anyone that gives off H+ or protons

proton donor

phospholipids

(helps seperate large portions of fat into smaller units)

interaction between cells that is possibly dependent upon specific adhesion.

in the cell membrane, protein and carbohydrates use this to form a

glycoprotein

 the process of manufactoring RNA from the template surface of DNA;

produces three forms of RNA:

 mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

translation

(process of usinf RNA to direct protein synthesis)

the process where by tRNA uses mRNA as a guide to arrange amino acids in their proper sequence according to their genetic information in the chemical code of DNA

hydrophobic

hydrophilic

stuff in the water

water follows salt

sugar (the solute) dissolved

in water (the solvent).

 a type of oxidation-reduction chemical reaction when an element or ion moves out of one compound and into another.

Zn + CuCl₂ > ZnCl₂ + Cu

 parts of two compounds switch places to form two new compounds. Two reactants yield two products.

AgNO₃ + NaCl ---> AgCl + NaNO₃

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂>CO₂+H₂O

WHEN EVER YOU ARE USEING OXYGEN AS A REACTANT

ANABOLIC

EXERGONIC

somatic

(all cells in the body)

any cells that cant divide

brain cells, nerve cells, heart cells

ATP synthese

 allows the diffusion of protons through its proton channel component while using the energy released from the proton gradient to produce ATP this time through its synthase domain.

creates ATP during ETS

NH₂+H --> NH₃ +CO₂ --> Urea

Amonia

C(H₂0)

carbohydrate

2

hydrogen peroxide

use this to kill anaerobic bacteria

hydrogen peroxide

use this to kill anaerobic bacteria

h₂o₂ -> h₂o+o

redox reaction

whenever you use oxygen as one reactant you are oxydizing

C₆H₁₂O₆O₂-> CO₂ + H₂O + (36 ATP)

        REACTANT         PRODUCT                       

[]-PO₄-PO₄-PO₄

_{AMP ADP ATP}

       _{20% 80%}

NH₂+H ->NH₃

          amonia

neutralization reaction

H₂CO₃<--------------------------------> H +HCO₃

_{carbonic acid                                                    bicarbanate}

_{weak acid}                                 

dehydration synthesis

whenever water us a product

glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> triglyceride + 3h₂0

coined the term “cell”.

Look at cork cells under a simple microscope.

Used them to look at a variety of substances and identified animalcules “little animals

DNA polymerase

 (enzyme)

RNA polymerase

ETS

electron transport system

—is the process by which DNA is copied.

caused by a missense mutation.

2

8

in mitosis, daughter cells have the same # of chromosomes as the mother cells.

in meiosis, daughter cells have half the genetic information (chromosomes) as mother cells

a cell compossed of 8 chromosomes undergo cell division.

how many daughter cells are there?

how many chromocomes in each daughter cell?

corpus collasum

[image]

pituitary gland

[image]

1 st chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood and pushes it down into the right vesicle

sends arterial (oxygenated) blood back out to the body through the aorta

is the thickest cause it pumps the blood to the rest of the body

on the left side of the heart between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

 It permits blood to flow one way only, from the left atrium into the left ventricle

on the right side of the heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

between the aortic and the left ventricle

which vessel brings deoxygenated blood the heart

lymphatic system

[image]

1) moves fat from the intestinal tract to the blood stream

2) transports excessive tissue fluid back to the cardiovascular system

3)defends against harmful agents such as bacteria and viruses

lymph nodes

[image]

(small encapsulated bodies)

(contain large #s of white blood cells)

removes microogranisms and forein particles from lymph

have throughout our bodies full of WBC whose job is to defend against invaders

[image]

lymphatic things in your throat

have lil holes that catch bacteria

 catch bacteria in throat

are full of WBC to defend against invaders

spleen

[image]

filters the blood of pathogens

fight off bacteria/infection

breaks down red blood cells

contains 2 types of tissue red and white pulp

thymus

[image]

produce WBCs vital for immune system.

fights off infections. located behind the breast bone. teaches T cells what cells are good and bad

respitory system

[image]

puts oxygen in blood and takes carbon dioxide out of the blood

the organ system that moves air into and out of the body.

it consists of lungs, trachea, airtransport pathway and diaphragm

diaphragm

[image]

big sheet of muscle that helps us breath

(moves air in and out of lungs)

digestive system

[image]

MOUTH

[image]

salivary glands:produce saliva

bolus: a ball of food formed by the tongue and moved to the back of the mouth cavity

pharynx: part of the throat that ion tracts the walls of the esphogus

 small intestine

[image]

carbs, lipids, fats, and proteins get broken down here

1st part of the small intestine.

where all enzymes from the pancreas go so can be digested

secreates several kinds of hormones which regulates the release of of food from the stomach and the release of secreation from the pancreas and liver

pancreas

[image]

liver

(has 4 lobes each has its own blood supply)

[image]

• produces urea then kicks back out to kidneys
• detoxifies
•  lipid metabolism
• makes bile
• stores (glucose) as glycogen

(left side has 2 lobes. right side has 3 lobes. can cut a lobe out and the other still work)

gallbladder

[image]

organ attached to the liver that stores and concentrates bile.

large intestine

[image]

reabsorbtion of water and get feces ready to leave 

ascending colon

transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

excretory system

[image]

kidney

[image]

regulate the levels of toxic or unecessary molecules in the body

gets rid of urea

filters the blood 60 times a day

pancreas

[image]

makes 4 enzymes that helps you break down carbs, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids

carb-> amylase

protein-> proteinase

lipid->lipase

nucliec acid-> nuclease

cardiac splincer

[image]

omentum

[image]

central nervous system: parts

[image]

consists of the brain n the spinal cord is surrounded by the skull and the vertebrae of the spinal column

the center of the body brain and spinal cord where communication takes place

intergration of motor and sensory  neurons

peripheral nervous system : parts

[image] 

all nerves running up and down body

 located outside of the skull and the spinal column

 consists of long bundles of deadrites called nerves

in the ____, the somatic nervous system controls the skeletal (voluntary) muscles and the autonomic nervous system controls smooth (involuntary) muscles, the heart, and glands 

hypothalamus

[image]

medulla oblongata

[image]

pons

[image]

cerebellum

[image]

large bulge @ the base of the brain connected to the medula oblongata

controls coordnation n muscular movements

cerebellum

[image]

large bulge @ the base of the brain connected to the medula oblongata

controls coordnation n muscular movements

cerebrum

[image]

logical part of the brain

largest portion of the brain in humans

endocrine system

[image] 

endocrine glands

[image]

thalamus

[image]