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| 1. The period 1871-1914 was in many ways the great age of German economic, cultural, and political power and influence in Europe and the world. Describe the basis for German greatness. |
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| Germany entered into the industrial revolution late, so they were able to adapt quickly. They had a lot of people and they used nationalism (b/c they had just united) to be very productive. They surpassed Britain in the production amount of almost everything. |
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| 2. Despite the fact that Germany was the greatest single industrial and military force in Europe in 1914, by November 1918 it lay prostrate before its enemies and racked by revolution. How do you account for this rapid collapse of German strength and the sudden overthrow of the old regime? |
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Definition
| Well war on two fronts obviously took its toll, but also, their sense of nationalism that was keeping them together disintegrated because they lost the war. They were humiliated. |
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| 3. “1914-1918 marks a turning point in the intellectual and cultural history of Europe.” Defend, refute, or modify this statement with reference to the generation before and the generation after the First World War. |
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| Already did. The generation before was hopeful about science etc but the generation after was cynical, the “lost generation” |
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| 4. Compare and contrast the roles of British working women in the preindustrial economy (before 1750) with their roles in the era 1850-1920. |
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| Women got jobs in specific fields, like weaving, etc. demand for jobs was high, so women entered the workforce, and got more and more jobs. however, this didnt transfer directly into women's rights, but eventually did. |
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| 5. Compare and contrast the degree of success of treaties negotiated in Vienna (1814-1815) and Versailles (1919) in achieving European stability. |
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| the congress of versailles was obviously more successful b/c they avoided war for longer, but in the long run, the congress of vienna wasn't good b/c the alliances created there led indirectly to the escalation of the war in wwi. the treaties negotiated at versailles were too harsh. |
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| 6. In what ways was WWI an outgrowth of the major trends of the late 19th century? Why is WWI nevertheless often considered a dividing line between 19th and 20th centuries? |
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| Balance of power, but it was a huge difference because they were fighting with 21st century weapons with 19th century so they had to adapt to new fighting styles. |
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| 7. What role did WWI play in explaining the Russian Revolution and the Bolsheviks’ rise to power? |
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| Frustration and economic downturns. Disillusionment. REVOLUTION |
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| 8. What was there about the causes and process of WWI that made the peace settlement at the end of the war so difficult? |
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| The war was so tragic and charged with nationalism and animosity that each side wanted to embarrass the other. Also, the governments had so much riding on the war (b/c the people threatened revolution) that they didn’t want to lose. |
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| 9. What were the causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and why did the Bolsheviks prevail in the civil war and gain control of Russia? |
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| Essentially built up discontent culminating in the effects of WWI. |
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| 10. What were the long-range and immediate causes of WWI? |
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| New alliances, revolutions, a disgruntled germany, self-determination, league of nations. |
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| understanding that the emergence of Germany and Italy had upset the balance of power, he creates the triple entente. |
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| met in the summer of 1878, the treaty of san Stefano (which created a Russian satellite in the Balkans) was destroyed, and territory was returned to the ottomans. |
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formed around 1882, Austria, Germany, Italy.
Emperor William II – strives to place Germany in its rightful “place under the sun.” dissplves the treaty with Russia. |
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| formed in 1907, GB, France, Russia. |
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| Austrians annex two Slavic speaking states which enrages the serbs. Russia backs the serbs, and germany backs Austria >> Russia retreats. Next, the Balkan league is created and defeats the ottomans, but unable to decide how to divide up the conquered land. Austria again tries to suppress Serbian nationalism, and again, Russia backs the serbs. Everyone is just waiting for the trigger. |
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| the area between the two opposing trenches. |
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| a secret terrorist organization that has pan-slavic nationalist aspirations. |
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| assassin of Archduke Ferdinand |
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| capital of bosnia and Herzegovina… maybe where the archduke was assassinated? |
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| Germany gives Austria their FULL support in the case of war. |
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| two front war with france and Russia. >> minimal troop deployment against Russia with a rapid invasion of western france. |
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| The first battle of the Marne |
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| led to a stalemate and trench warfare. |
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| Germans defeat the Russians decisively |
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| essentially a terrible waste of human life, both sides remain at the same place for 4 years. |
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| lots of people die, very high casualty rates. |
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| the machine gun and poison gas |
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| these are new weapons that are extremely deadly, and weren't accounted for in the general's attack plan. |
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| – Germany, Austria and the ottomans. i.e. the ottomans ally with germany and Austria. |
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| a british ship with American passengers. It was a victim of germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare, and it brought the US into the war. |
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| these two decree a system of total war. They required all male noncombatants from 17 to 60 to work in war related jobs. |
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| elected in france 1917, he was a strong war leader. |
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| an irish rebellion crushed bloodily by british soldiers |
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| it was pretty bad, but it hit the working class the hardest. |
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| Nicholas II and Alexandra |
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| Tsar of Russia and his wife. Alexandra was german, and was hated. Nicholas II tried to control the army which didn’t work at all. The prestige of the Tsar is down tremendously. |
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| a magical healer that was deemed to be a symbol of the failing Tsar. |
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| march revolution breaks out in st. Petersburg (Petrograd). |
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| a Bolshevik slogan. These are the three things that Lenin bases his political platform on, and they are the three things that the people want the most. |
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| council of workers and soldiers’ deputies. |
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