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| Order of Chinese Dynasties |
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| Chang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic, PRC |
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| Meritocracy, they had a civil-service exam that had to be taken before you could become part of the gov’t, even though the test was open to the public, mainly only nobles could afford the education to pass the test |
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| First emperor of the Tang Dynasty, re-conquered N and W lands they lost since the Han dynasty and conquered Korea |
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| ruler during Korean campaign, held real power since 660 while others sat on the throne, but became empress in 690, only woman to do so |
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| those who took the civil service test and passed it, made it into the gov’t system, made education and talent more important |
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| a printer could arrange blocks of individual characters in a frame to make up a page for printing |
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| a class of powerful, well-to-do people, attained status through civil service positions, formed highest social class in the Tang and Song dynasty |
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| Status of Women in Tang and Song Dynasty |
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| their work deemed less important and not worth anything to the family status, feet of upper class girls were bound tightly so that the arch would break, leaving only the big toe from curling under, sign of wealth and prestige for husband, did not affect peasant families as much |
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| The gov’t system where you can get a high office position based on your merit, instead of your wealth, based off of knowledge |
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| established new capital at Hangzhou, saw rapid economic growth, invented compass, paper money, gunpowder, porcelain, clock, mathematics, negative numbers, farming advances, improved rice, sailing technology, trading, poetry, and paintings |
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| dry grass covered plains that were home to the Mongols, extreme temperatures, dry weather in east, and wetter in the west |
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| people who herded domestic animals, nomads, constantly searching for places to feed their animals |
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| fake retreating to lure the enemy into a trap where archers would fire bows down at them, sorted men into 10,000 men armies, then into 1,000 man brigades, then 100 man companies, 10 man squads, threats of cruelty to force the opponents to surrender, if a city did not open their gates, he would kill every last one of them |
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| after death of Genghis Khan in 1227, the areas were divided into four regions, Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, Khanate of the great Khan, and the Khanate of Chagati, descendant of Genghis ruled each khanate, rarely imposed religious beliefs, sometimes adopted them |
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| located in Russia, eventually became Muslims |
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| Khanate of the Great Khan |
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| lasted less than a century until 1368, the Chinese empire was untied for the first time in 300 yrs, led by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan |
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| considered one of China’s great emperors, made few changes to the Chinese gov’t in place, enjoyed settled life, built new squared wall capital in Beijing, moved capital from Mongolia to China, meant he wanted to make a mark on China, failed to conquer Japan, sent troops in 1274 and 1281, second fleet had 150,000 men, but typhoon wiped Koreans out by the 54th day, able leader, restored Grand Canal and extended it 135 mi north to Beijing, built paved highway 1,100 mi from Hangzhou to Beijing, increased foreign trade, sent Marco Polo on many missions |
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| orphaned at 6, raised by grandfather and uncle, |
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| great ruler, conquered much of Asia, first goal was China, attention turned to Islamic region west of Mongolia destroyed Utrar, Samarkand, Bukhara b/c Muslims murdered a Mongol ambassador, by 1225, Mongols controlled Central Asia |
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| period of Mongolian peace, all lands that were ruled by the Mongols were able to be crossed safely and without much worries, encouraged trade, spread of ideas, |
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| gained power when peasants revolted against Sui for endless labor jobs, lost power when they imposed high taxes and when they had trouble ruling the vast empire they created, rebellions, and inadequate rulers on the throne |
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| gained power when China was reunited again, when they built the capital city Hangzhou, lost power when pressured by the Jurchen to the North (Jin), also from attack from Kublai Khan |
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| Gained power from able ruler, unification of China, Mongol presence, re-built Canal, built roads, lost power when lost to Japan twice, other humiliating defeats, heavy spending on pointless wars, rebellions, and unable rulers after Kublai |
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Guzman’s model of Interactions b/t nomadic and settled people |
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| Conquest; Why were they successful; What were the conditions in the first century of rule; What caused the decline of the former barbarians as rulers, What were some symptoms; What was the next step in the pattern after a civilized center declined |
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CENTERS OF WEALTH DURING 2ND SEMESTER |
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Damascus- Islam/ Syria
Cairo- Islam/Egypt
Baghdad-Islam/Iraq
Beijing-Kublai Khan + Mongols/China
Cordoba- Islam/Spain
Monte Alban- Zapotec
Tikal-Mayan
Timbuktu-Mali/Africa
Teotihuacán-outside of Mexico City
Tenochtitlan- Aztecs/ on Lake Texcoco |
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| became kingdom in 700 ad, formed from the Soninke people, thrived on gold and salt trade, located in west Africa South of the Sahara, became an empire in 800 ad, gained power by taxing the goods that traders carried through their territory, ruler acted as religious, leader, military leader, and chief judge, headed a large bureaucracy , eventually converted to Islam but still held animistic beliefs, lost power when Almoravids came in 1076, eventually withdrew from Ghana, but disrupted trade badly and Ghana never recovered. |
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| South of Ghana, wealth built on gold, first great ruler was Sundiata, next rulers became Muslins, Mansa Musa ordered mosque built in Timbuktu, attracted Muslim judges, doctors, religious leaders, and scholars from far and wide, visited by Ibn Battuta, lost power b/c rulers were not good, gold mining shifted eastward away from Mali |
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| built off of Mali and with the success of Sunni Ali, began rule in1464, built professional army, in 1468 captured Timbuktu, Mali’s capital, took over Djenne, next ruler Askia Muhammad set up efficient tax systems, and chose able officers, lack of effective weapons and advanced technology ended the Songhai Empire |
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| first mjr city-state of central Mexico was Teotihuacán, located just outside Mexico City, at its peak had 150,000-200,000 people, over 20 pyramids, largest dedicated to the god of Sun, center of thriving trade, traded obsidian, abandoned in 750, around 900 Toltecs took power, War like people, worshipped fierce war god who demanded human sacrifice, Toplitzin tried to steer away from sacrifices but was exiled, encouraged them to worship Quetzalcoatl |
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| arrived in valley of Mexica around 1200, poor nomadic ppl, used to be soldiers who were hired, Huitzilopochitli, the sun god told them to found new city, formed the city Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco, formed triple alliance, held loose control over lands, highest positions were military leaders, priests, and gov’t officials, then commoners, then enslaved ppl, publicly held religious ceremonies, and made human sacrifice, conquered new lands for ppl in them, POW’s were used for sacrifices, decline: Montezuma II called for more and more human sacrifices, leading to Aztec oppression, need for prisoners led to less aggressive war tactics |
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| lived in high plateaus of Andes, settled in fertile Valley of Cuzco, believed rulers came from descendant of sun god, only men from one of 11 noble lineages could rule, under rule of Pachacuti conquered all of Peru, enforced a single language, sent people to school to learn Incan ways, great iron workers and stonemasons, all roads led to Cuzco, created allyu, a system of people grouped together to work on civil projects, paid taxes in mita, labor, long network of roads, used quipu to record data, knotted string, priests led sun worship, assisted by women who were known as virgins of the sun, unmarried, priests sacrifice llamas and exchanged goods as part of the ceremony, many buildings decorated with gold, empire in discord; Huayana opened gift and butterflies came out, bad sign, he dies, empire split b/t sons, civil war breaks out, Atahualpa wins, but weak, then Spanish come and win |
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| gold came from a forest region south of the savanna b/t the Niger and Senegal Rivers, 2/3 of world’s gold sources came from West Africa until 1350, Sahara contained deposits of salt |
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| used to make razor sharp weapons |
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| b/t Aztecs, Texcoco, and Tlacopan, gained control over neighboring lands, controlled 80,000 square miles by 1500’s and had estimated population of 5 to 15 million people. |
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| a group of people who worked together to get civil projects done |
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| an arrangement of knotted strings on a cord used by the Inca to record numerical information |
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| great leader in peace and war, threw off the cruel ruler before him, became the first great leader of Mali, promoted agriculture and reestablishment of gold and salt trade |
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| sundiata’s grandnephew, 1312-1332, made hajj and ordered construction of a mosque in two great trading centers, Timbuktu and Gao, was visited by Ibn Battuta |
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| Feathered Serpent God of Aztec belief, tried to be worshipped by Topiltzin |
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| Harsh with the sacrifices, because more people existed, more people had to be sacrificed, lead to the end of the Aztec rule |
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