§  1^st chapter about the 7 days of creation; says 6 days of work and one day of rest à Saturday Sabbath – men and women back to back

2^nd chapter about Adam and Eve say man first then other things then women

o   majority of scholars will say the 1^st five were written by four sources and put back together at diff erent times

§  J – Jahwist; 900s BC

§  E – Eloist; 800s century BC

§  P – Priestly; 500s century BC

§  D – Deutornomist; 500s century BC

o   The Fall

§  Tree of Knowledge; the Bible only states that Adam ate the apple

§  Women cursed à more pain in child bearing

§  Man à Labor by sweat of the brow

§  Serpent à slither on his belly

§  First sin

Genisis

Noah 

o   Noah – world was so wicked so God wanted to destroy and start over and picked Noah to go with family and two of each animal; rained 40 days and 40 nights; after 150 days hit land à Noah stayed on the boat for 6 months and then got off to restore earth, then rebuilt the population with the three sons he had

o   hated by 12 other brothers and was sent to Egypt; after hardships became high up and respected; all the family comes to Egypt and doesn’t realize it is him but then later does

o   tries to save people from Egypt; after a pharaoh says no he puts a plague à the tenth plague “lose 1^st born son” à Hebrew people put lamb’s blood on their door so the “angel of death” would “Passover” à quickly cooked bread with no yeast for journey home à opening of Red seas which closed on the Egyptians who followed

o   Wandering – God tells them to take over the holy land which is filled with large men, and they don’t trust him that they can take over à punishes by wandering aimlessly for 40 years à Moses dies before they cross over Jordon

o   – Joshua takes over when Moses dies and they cross the Jordon river which dried up and then knock the walls of Jericho down, kill almost everyone in the city

§  Herem – sacrifice to God ex. Burnt down the city

§  Moabite Stone – says another nation had burned down the city for their God

o   period after Isreal became together

o   kingdom splits – Israel (northern) and Judah (southern) because of Solomon’s son Rehebram

§  Assryians – conquer northern kingdom and carry them off à no one knows where they went “Lost tribes of Israel”

§  Only Judah was left: 1^st Jews were carried off by Babylonians in 586 BCE but then eventually were retuned and rebuilt the city à Old Testament ends here

o   written by Jews “Yahweh” à word is never repeated by Jews ex. Lord Voldemort in Harry Potter

§  Devil challenges God to torture Job saying he will denounce God à Job goes through torture but never denounces but he does question and become angry à God finally becomes sarcastic and says “where were you when land was made” basically asking who are you to understand all I do à Job apologizes and repents his sins saying he knows God has his reasons

§  Finally gives Job everything back two-fold à this was not in original scroll added on later (some believe this was to give a “happy ending” and a nicer God)

   starts with Naomi: sons and husband, is only left with daughter-in-laws, returns to Israel and Ruth comes with her “your people are my people and your God is my God” à Ruth goes to Boaz farm and works in field picking up leftover harvest

Naomi wants to fix up Ruth and Boaz and one night Ruth goes into tent and finally hooks up with Boaz and marries him and has kids

Lineage – Ruth is the great-grandmother of David à she is not an Israelite

• David sees a woman bathing and has her brought in à her name is Bathsheba and they have sex but she is married and then becomes pregnant à due to infidelity because her husband Uriah is at war has two plans
• Calls Uriah’s chief and tells him to leave Uriah at the front line à Uriah dies and David marries Bathsheba
• §  Nathan the prophet then tells David about a rich and poor man and the rich man stole poor man’s lamb for dinner à David becomes angered and then Nathan tells him it was about him à David repents his sin but the baby dies

• •    known for wisdom and riches

  God asks him what he wants before he becomes King and he answered wisdom à because of his noble answer God gives him riches as well

  §  Known to have many wives

  §  Baby story is an example of wisdom – one baby, two women à Solomon says he will cut the baby in half immediately one women says no give it to her

• §  150 psalms
• §  the 23^rd psalm is very popular
• 119 is the longest

• §  Short sayings of wisdom

• Legend says many were written by Solomon

• Songs of songs (erotic poetry??) – also called the Song of Solomon

• commentary on the Hebrew Bible; written in the 3^rd century C.E.

Talmud

• commentary on the Mishnah (collection of 37 volumes); written in 5^th century C.E.

• o   Jerusalem destroyed except for the wailing wall; all Jews disperse this is known as the “Diaspora”
• “temple” destroyed
• o   Communities form around the world and create synagogues
• o   Hard because Jews move from country to country and are often used as scapegoats facing much persecution

o   Reform Jews - 1^st group comes over from Germany; fairly liberal; early 19^th century

o   Orthodox Jews – 2^nd group, less educated, poor, and very traditional

§  Two groups don’t really get along because Orthodox believe reform group “lost” their values

o   Conservative Jews – 3^rd group forms between reform and orthodox – middle group

Yiddish language – words sounds like Yuddish which means Jewish – ex. Oy vea, cocamayme, putz

•    a person who wants to reestablish a homeland for Jews

o   Israel declared statehood against the British and kicked them out

•    9/11/1978 – President Jimmy Carter signed the – peace between Israel and Egypt

o   1993 - Oslo Peace Accords – signed by President Clinton – peace between Israel and Palestine

§  Land for peace; Israel give land and Palestine peace – made Jews in Israel upset because extremists on both sides did not want

§  U.S. is a major supporter of Israel

  Kristallnacht

o   1942  Final Solution à gathering, gassing, killing, disposal

[image]      New Testament

o   Series of 4 sections

§  Gospels

§  Acts

§  Epistles

§  Revelation

[image]      4 Gospels – biographies of Jesus; Gospel means good news à “evangelical” in Latin à First three are the synoptic gospels

o   Matthew

o   Mark

o   Luke

o   John

§  Synaptic are very similar; most people regarded Mark as the first and shortest as well; later Matthew and Luke borrowed and added

[image]      John Mark” not a disciple wrote under Peter

o   Story about running away in garden à prob John Mark

o   Written around 50-70 AD

o   Starts with Jesus as an adult

o   “Messianic Secret” = that Jesus would command his followers not to tell others he was the Messiah

o   Written around 85 AD

o   Refers to Jewish sculpture

o   Story of baby Jesus

o   Sermon on the mount – “turn the other cheek” (honor and dignity; don’t be too proud)

o   Angels play a large role

[image]      Luke

[image]      John

o   Possibly written by his students from the Johannine School

o   Jesus’ teachings more in depth

o   Story of women caught in adultery about to be stoned and Jesus says “let he who has not sinned throw the first stone”

§  Probably added later

o   1^st verses of John start with “In the beginning there was the word…”

§  Word was God and says the word became Jesus

[image]      Acts of the Apostles”

o   Pentecost – early event when the church started

o   Prominent character – Paul à apostle to the Gentiles

§  Paul says “Faith alone to be right with God”

“Letters”

o   James “Santiago” (brother of Jesus) à head of the early church

§  Brother from Joseph’s first marriage

§  Believes faith without work is dead

o   “Pseudonymous” = fake name

o   people didn’t believe all were written by apostles

o   End of the world

o   Apocalyptic

o   Controversial

o   Written in symbolic language

o   Discusses the “Anti-christ”

§  Ex. People have thought Sadam Hessian or Ronald Reagan (666 in his name), pope said Martin Luther

o   foremost of the disciples; said to hold the “keys to the kingdom”     

§  Says to Jesus “you are Christ son of God” but later Jesus calls him Satan when he says he will not let him be killed and when Jesus is arrested he denies him three times

o   one of the 12 disciples, cares about the poor, doesn’t really have faith, trust, and love in Jesus à betrays Jesus because he foresees trouble and has him arrested and when finds out he will be killed he returns the money and hangs himself

o   the only “non-Jew”; in charge of Judah, rather cold and bad, job is to keep peace à agrees to execute Jesus only because he thought he was a threat to Rome; special place in hell w/ Dante’s Inferno but not necessarily because of this

o   traditionally a prostitute; Bible does not say but according to legend is the one anointed by Jesus

o   High Priest 

• o   325 AD
•   called because Arius says Jesus and holy spirit are creations of God and Arius was condemned
•  “modalism” = denies trinity and says one God who showed himself in separate three forms (father, son, and holy spirit)

§  Trinity à 3 persons, 1 essence à a single being who exists simultaneously as three persons

§  Nicene Creed “true God from true God”

o   451 AD

§  “Christology” = how Jesus worked à human mind and divine mind both fully human and fully divine but these two natures co-existed à 1 person 2 natures

born in Germany, becomes a monk and a priest

·         On October 31, 1517 he post 95 Thesis on a church door in Whitenberg

·         Upset with practice of indulgences (being able to shorten purgatory by paying)

·         Ultimately goes against the Pope and was excommunicated and becomes a Lutheran

·         Believes in three alones “Grace alone, faith alone, scripture alone” (faith alone revives Paul’s idea)

·         This leads to many branches beginning to form

   Vatican 2

§  Attempt to modernize the church and bring it into the 20^th century

·         Services in vernacular language (no longer Latin)

·         Jews were no longer “Christ killers”

·         Protestants – separated Brethern

·         More open to science; allowed to believe in evolution

·         Churches based less on beauty

o   – believed that there was a different God in the New and Old testament; were condemned

·         Tridentine mass

[image]      If you belong to Islam you are a Muslim

[image]      Gets start in modern day Saudia Arabia which had no strong religion and was polytheistic (one God was named Allah)

[image]      Islam – “submission”

v  Raised by wealthy uncle because parents and grandparents died

v  At age 20 begins working for a wealthy woman named Khadija and they married when he was 25 and she was 40

v  Lived in Mecca and believed there was one true God

v  One day while meditating outside a cave he hears the word “Recite” from which is said to be the voice of Gabriel

v  Tells wife and she becomes first believer

v  Job was to “recite” teachings exactly as he heard them from the voice

v  Waheed

“words of God”

[image]      Koran –

[image]      Korans are the teachings of Muhammad written down and together make up the Koran

[image]      Major idea – to submit to one true God (same God as Hebrew and Bible)Muh

[image]

[image]      As salam alaikum –

[image]      Wa alaika salaam –

peace be with you

also with you

[image]“idolatry” – worshipping something in place of a God – believe this is wrong and can be anything from a statue to money

[image]      Sharia

[image] “Islamic Law” – the right way for people to live

[image]      – Correct belief 

– correct practice *Islam emphacizes orthopraxy*

[image]      Tawhid –

[image]      Androcentric –

[image]      Polygamous-

[image]      Jihad – 

v  1) recite the creed (Shahada)- “There is no God but Allah, Muh is the messenger of Allah – all you need to do to convert

v   2) Daily prayer – 5 prayers a day, pray towards Mecca if in mecca towards the Ka’ba, assigned times “call to prayer”  - before prayer must wash your hands and face to purify self, sand as substitute

v  3) Fasting (Ramadan) – during daylight for month of Ramadan, black and white thread test

v  4) Almsgiving – tax paying, purifies reamainder of wealth, goes to groups that need help

[image]      focuses on what you want, but people may not yet know what they want – accepting to different religions

[image]      Horrapa and the Aryans from Iran (who invaded India) combined to form Hinduism

[image] “denying the body of what it wants” – fasting, whipping

  in 1500 B.C. – became earliest literature

[image]     collection of 100 words and poems and themes

[image]      Brahman

[image]      Brahman –

[image]      Atman –

[image]      Karma

[image]      Bhagavad gita –

2000 yrs old, story about prince Arjuna – Krishna advisor to prince (divine figure), tells him to take responsibility – everyone has a calling and do the best while living out your duty

Does he do his duty and fight vs his family or choose not too 

v  Whatever you are born into you stay that and you marry someone in your caste or subcaste

v  Brahman – priests

v  Warriors/nobles – protect society

v  Merchants – people who own land

v  Peasants – people who do labor for work

v  Untouchables – looked down upon and did dirty work

[image]      Student – dedicate to studies

[image]      Householder – raise family, marriage, have job

[image]      Retirey – grandchildren, family, religious activity, usually lives with kids

[image]      Sannyasin/sadhu – leaves family and society and devotes themselves to religion as beggars

[image]      Not everyone goes through all four stages

v  Jnana yoga – “knowledge”

v  Karma yoga – “action”

v  Bhakti yoga – “devotion”

v  Raja yoga – “royal” –

§  Montra –

Vishnu – “preservation” – seen with the sun, 4 arms, loving god, sometimes makes presence on earth, often blue skin – some believe Buddah was Vishna

o   Shiva – “destruction” – not a bad mean God because Hindus see death as a necessary way to move higher up hierarchy through reincarnation;

v  Bindu –

Sati

*Gandhi*

v  Sikhism –

 
16^th century in area in India called Punjab – develops out of Hindu and Muslim

v  Monotheistic

v  Accepted reincarnation

v  Wanted a more simple religion – no images and rituals, taught pacifism

v  Nanak

563-483

[image]      Born in modern day Nepal to a prince a woman named Maya – had a dream of a white elephant in her side

[image]      Apparently he could walk and talk and says this is my last life I will attain Nirvana

[image]      Prophet says he will either be a great leader or a great spiritual leader if he sees suffering and dad wants him to be king so he keeps him in the palace so he doesn’t see suffering

4 passing sights

o   Sick man

o   Dead man

o   Sonnyarsin – holy man seeking immortality

v  Buddha – man of enlightenment, model

v  Dharma – teachings of Buddha and world around us

v  Sangha – community of followers (usually nuns and monks)

v  Central belief – everything is subject to change, never static, no atman or real self

o   1) to live is to suffer

o   2) suffering comes from desire (craving)

o   3) in order to end suffering end desire

o   4) 8 fold path

Ahimsa –

  Samsara –

cycle of birth and rebirth – want to get off this ride, when off reach nirvana

 Rebirth instead of reincarnation – rebirth because of desire and craving; when you die desire keeps burning and you come back

[image]      “old school” (skinny Buddha)

o   Closest to early practices, center around monks

o   If serious to attain nirvana must become a monk or nun à usually monks because hierarchy they are seen higher

o   Found in Skilanka, Thailand, southeast asia

• [image]  (usually china) – plump healthy buddha

o   “big vehicle” – family is very important, compassion

o   Bodhisattva – idea is strongest in Mahayana – when a person is a Buddhist and about to obtain nirvana but stays to help others and continues to be reborn (god and goddesses usually revered as these)

[image]      Pure land school – subset of Mahayana

·         Chinese guy – Amitabha Buddha – if you devote yourself completely to him you will go to paradise or pure land – not parinirvana but a place where you can flourish and better reach nirvana

·         Not so much works but devotion – much like Christianity

[image]      Chan/Zen (once in japan) Buddhisim – subset of Mahayana

·         Emphasis on Zazen “seated meditation”

·         Bodhidharma – usually credited as founder, from India tells Chinese emperor that huge temples are crap à went into cave and meditated for Nine years, gaze bore holes in the wall, cut eyelids off to not sleep and these grew 1^st teaplants, legs and arms fell off à got up and taught principles to people realized they weren’t healthy so he created exercise program (Kung Fu)

[image]      Vajrayana, diamond-vehicle, tibeten, tantric

o   Most famous is the Dalai Lama

o   Tantric is part sexual but other things – sting is famous for practicing tantric sex “can go for 24 hours”

o   Prayer wheels – as spinning the prayer on the cylander you are said to be living and saying the prayer

o   Prayer flags as well

o   Dalai Lama – great teachers, succession of them (kind of like a pope) – political and religious leader of Tibet

Confucianism

• Analects of Confucius

• = most famous writings, things that he said, gentlemen= the theme
• All about ethicsà How would you behave in the world?

• 5 Relationships that exist between People

• Ruler to Subject
• Father to Son
• Husband to Wife
• Older Brother to Younger Brother
• Friend to Friend

• Fidel Piety 

·        Loa Tzu = founder “old master”

most famous book = Tao te Ching

·        Tao = “Way”

·        Be like the “un-carved block”

·        Wu-wei

·        Yin Yang

·        Ch’i

Shinto

·

        Means “Kami way”

indigenous to Japan 

·        Kami

Tori