Term
Why are religions:
1) Materialistic Perspective: Humans Invented religions
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Ludwig Feuerbach
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Sigmund Freud
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Karl Marx
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Definition
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Ludwig Feuerbach:Essentially the thought of Feuerbach consisted in a new interpretation of religion's phenomena, giving an anthropological explanation. Following Schleiermacher’s theses, Feuerbach thought religion was principally a matter of feeling in its unrestricted subjectivity. So the feeling breaks through all the limits of understanding and manifests itself in several religious beliefs. But, beyond the feeling, is the fancy, the true maker of projections of "Gods" and of the sacred in general. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were strongly influenced by Feuerbach's atheism, though they criticised him for his inconsistent espousal of materialism.
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Sigmund Freud:Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology.[1] Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, as well as his therapeutic techniques, including the use of free association, his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship, and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. He was also an early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy.
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Term
1) Materialistic Perspective: Humans Invented religions
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Ludwig Feuerbach
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Sigmund Freud
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Karl Marx
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Definition
3) Karl Marx: Marx's understanding of religion, summed up in a passage from the preface[37] to his 1843 Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right:
“ Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people. ”
— (Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right)
Whereas his Gymnasium senior thesis argued that religion had as its primary social aim the promotion of solidarity, here Marx sees the social function of religion in terms of highlighting/preserving political and economic inequality. Moreover, he provides an analysis of the ideological functions of religion: to reveal "an inverted consciousness of the world." He continues: "It is the immediate task of philosophy, which is in the service of history, to unmask self-estrangement in its unholy forms, once religion, the holy form of human self-estrangement has been unmasked". For Marx, this unholy self-estrangement, the "loss of man", is complete once the proletariat realizes its potential to unite in revolutionary solidarity. His final conclusion is that for Germany, general human emancipation is only possible as a suspension of private property by the proletariat. |
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Term
1) Functional Perspective: Religion good for people
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Eric Froom
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Mircea Eliade
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Definition
1) Eric Fromm: The cornerstone of Fromm's humanistic philosophy is his interpretation of the biblical story of Adam and Eve's exile from the Garden of Eden. Drawing on his knowledge of the Talmud, Fromm pointed out that being able to distinguish between good and evil is generally considered to be a virtue, and that biblical scholars generally consider Adam and Eve to have sinned by disobeying God and eating from the Tree of Knowledge. However, departing from traditional religious orthodoxy, Fromm extolled the virtues of humans taking independent action and using reason to establish moral values rather than adhering to authoritarian moral values. religion fulfill the need of a stable frame of reference
2) Mircea Eliade: In his work on the history of religion, Eliade is most highly regarded for his writings on Shamanism, Yoga and what he called the eternal return—the implicit belief, supposedly present in religious thought in general, that religious behavior is not only an imitation of, but also a participation in, sacred events, and thus restores the mythical time of origins. Eliade's thinking was in part influenced by Rudolf Otto, Gerardus van der Leeuw, Nae Ionescu and the writings of the Traditionalist School (René Guénon and Julius Evola).[37] For instance, Eliade's The Sacred and the Profane partially builds on Otto's The Idea of the Holy to show how religion emerges from the experience of the sacred, and myths of time and nature. |
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Term
1) Faith Perspective: Answer the ultimate questions:
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Who are you?
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Why are you here?
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Life after death.
Religion offers SYSTEMS of Doctrines- DOGMAS. |
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Definition
Doctrine (Latin: doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings" or "instructions", taught principles or positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system. The Greek analogy is the etymology of catechism.
Often doctrine specifically connotes a corpus of religious dogma as it is promulgated by a church, but not necessarily: doctrine is also used to refer to a principle of law, in the common law traditions, established through a history of past decisions, such as the doctrine of self-defense
Examples of religious doctrines include:
Christian Trinity and virgin birth
Roman Catholic transubstantiation and immaculate conception
Calvinist predestination
Methodist Prevenient Grace
Jainism The Doctrine of Postulation or Syādvāda |
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Term
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Definition
MYTHOLOGY: can refer to either the study of myths or a body of myths.[1] For example, comparative mythology is the study of connections between myths from different cultures,[2] whereas Greek mythology is the body of myths from ancient Greece. The term "myth" is often used colloquially to refer to a false story;[3][4] however, the academic use of the term generally does not refer to truth or falsity.
The main characters in myths are usually gods or supernatural heroes.[11][12][13] As sacred stories, myths are often endorsed by rulers and priests and closely linked to religion.[11] In the society in which it is told, a myth is usually regarded as a true account of the remote past.[11][12][14][15] In fact, many societies have two categories of traditional narrative—(1) "true stories", or myths, and (2) "false stories", or fables |
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Term
1) Faith Perspective: ULTIMATE REALITY
Type of religions:
MONO: Singular workship - Christians
POLY: Many atributes emphazised - Hinduism
NON: No sense of a personal creator - Buddism |
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Definition
Immanent: Present in the world. - THE CHURCH
Immanere, from in- "in" + manere "to dwell, make a home"
Trascendent: Existing above and outside - GOD |
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Term
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1) Faith Perspective: Other terms to understand Religion
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Monistic: One underlying substance
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Incarnations: Sacred reality invisible. Appears in human form.
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Atheism: Non beleif in deity
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Agnostics: Questions the nature of the divine. (Dead sea scrolls)
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Definition
Monistic:
(in metaphysics) any of various theories holding that there is only one basic substance or principle as the ground of reality, or that reality consists of a single element.
Incarnation: From Latin "incarnatus, pp. of incarnare "to make flesh," from in- "in" + caro (gen. carnis) "flesh."
Atheism: From Greek the adjective atheos (from privative a- + theos "god") meant "without gods" or "lack of belief in gods"
Agnostics: Gk. agnostos "unknown, unknowable," from a- "not" + gnostos "(to be) known" . Sometimes said to be a reference to Paul's mention of the altar to "the Unknown God," but according to Huxley it was coined with ref. to the early Church movement known as Gnosticism (see Gnostic- gnostikos "knowing, able to discern," from gnostos "knowable). |
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