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| a foreign policy designed to contain a potential aggressor. Containment was the cornerstone of American foreign policy toward Soviet communism during the cold war |
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| a a strategy used by both the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold war, in which the possession of nuclear weapons acted as a deterrent to the other side. |
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| a standoff in October 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union over the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. The crisis was resolved when the Soviets removed their missiles partly in exchange for a secret agreement that the United States would remove missiles based in Turkey. |
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| the act of accommodating the demands of an assertive power in an attempt to prevent conflict. Western Europe's appeasement of Hitler in the late 1930's is the classic example of the dangers of appeasement. |
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| a belief that people belonging to a certain group, whether through shared ethnicity, language, land, culture, or religion, should inhabit a given territory and control a state. |
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| the right of a people to form a state. Woodrow Wilson was a strong advocate for self-determination |
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| a combination of treaties and customs that regulate the conduct of states. International law can also apply to individuals who act in an international context. |
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| situations characterized by reciprocal effects among countries or other actors. |
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| at its broadest, the term is used to describe worldwide networks of interdependence. It has a number of dimensions, including economic, cultural, military, and political globalization. It is not a new phenomenon - it dates back at least to the Silk Road - but due to the information revolution, its contemporary form is "thicker and quicker" than previous ones. |
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| any nonstate actor or entity that acts acros international borders. Transnational actors can range from Osama bin Laden to the Red Cross |
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| INGO (international nongovernmental organizations) |
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| a subset of NGO's(nongovernmental organization) that have an international focus. |
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| OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries) |
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| an organization of the worlds largest oil-producing states that tries to coordinate policy on oil production and pricing amoung its members. |
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| the ability to exercise control within a system of states. The United States is often said to exercise military hegemony today. |
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| Jus ad bellum (Just Wars) |
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| a moral code of justifications that must be satisfied for a war to be considered a just war. The elements of this have traditionally included: having just cause; being declared by a proper authority; possessing right intention; having a reasonable chance of success; and the end being proportional to the means used. From the Latin "justice to go to war" |
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| the idea that a state has a government that exercises authority over its territory. |
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| the structure of an international system in which two states or alliances of states dominate world politics. The Cold War division between the United States and the Soviet Union is often referred to as a bipolar system. |
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| the structure of an international system in which three or more states or alliances dominate world politics. Many scholars describe nineteenth-century Europe as multipolar. |
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| World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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| an international organization created in 1994 to regulate trade and tariffs amount its member states. |
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| an athenian commander whose book History of the Peloponnesian War, a chronicle of the peloponnesian war between athens and sparta, is one of the earliest known works of history and international relations. |
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| Yalta Conference and goals |
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| Took place on Feb 4th to 11th 1945 between the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union headed by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin. British wanted to maintain their empire, soviets wanted to obtain more land and to strengthen the Soviets entry into Pacific war and discuss postwar settlements. |
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- Russians were to keep territory from the eastern portion of Poland.
- Soviets would enter war against japanese
- all original governments would be restored to the invaded countries.
- the priority was the unconditional surrender of Nazi germany
- Soviet union would receive the southern part of Sakhalin and Kurile Islands after the defeat of Japan
- millions of russians across Europe were forced to return to Communist Russia |
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| An international organization that describes itself as a "global association of governments facilitating co-operation in international law, in international security, economic development, and social equity". It was founded in 1945 by 51 countries replacing the League of Nations which was founded in 1919. As of 2006 there are 191 members. Security members with veto power are: USA, russia, the United Kingdom, France and the peoples republic of china |
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| (Dec. 18 1878 - March 5, 1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s to his death in 1953. |
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| describes the broad cooperation between Europe's great powers after 1815. Its purpose was to maintain the peace settlement concluded at the Congress of Vienna following the defeat of Napoleonic France.Specifically, the aim of the Concert of Europe was for the leading nations in Europe - Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia - to work together to prevent the outbreak of revolution in each nation. |
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| Marshall plan (European recovery Program) |
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| was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding the allied countries of Europe and repelling communism after World War II.The reconstruction plan was developed at a meeting of the participating European states in July 1947. The Marshall Plan offered the same aid to the Soviet Union and its allies, if they would make political reforms and accept certain outside controls. In fact, America worried that the Soviet Union would take advantage of the plan and therefore made the terms deliberately hard for the USSR to accept. The plan was in operation for four fiscal years beginning in July 1947.The Marshall Plan has also long been seen as one of the first elements of European integration, as it erased tariff trade barriers and set up institutions to coordinate the economy on a continental level. |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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| is an international organisation1 for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. Its headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium.The Treaty cautiously avoids reference both to the identification of an enemy and to any concrete measures of common defense. Nevertheless, it was intended so that if the USSR and its allies launched an attack against any of the NATO members, it would be treated as if it was an attack on all member states. This marked a significant change for the United States, which traditionally harboured strong isolationist groups across parties in Congress. However, the feared invasion of Western Europe never came. Instead, the provision was invoked for the first time in the treaty's history on 12 September 2001, in response to the September 11 attacks on the United States the day before. Original members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, US, United Kingdom. |
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| 38th Parallel and Korean War |
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| After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the parallel was established as the boundary between the Soviet (north) and American (south) occupation zones in Korea, as Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel had earlier suggested. The parallel divided the peninsula roughly in the middle. In 1948, the dividing line became the boundary between the newly independent countries of North and South Korea. At the end of the Korean War (1950-1953), a new border was established through the middle of the Demilitarized Zone, which cuts across the 38th parallel at an acute angle, from southwest to northeast. |
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| The phrase "balance of terror" is usually used in reference to the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union during Cold War. It describes the tenuous peace that existed between the two countries as a result of both governments being terrified at the prospect of a world-destroying nuclear war. |
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| Mutually Assured Destruction |
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| is the doctrine of military strategy in which a full scale use of nuclear weapons by one of two opposing sides would result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender. |
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| is a Western term made famous by Winston Churchill referring to the boundary which symbolically, ideologically, and physically divided Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War, roughly 1945 to 1990. |
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| is a campaign by the NATO governments and their allies' governments with the stated goal of ending international terrorism by stopping those groups identified by the U.S. as terrorist groups and ending state sponsorship of terrorism. |
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| is a phrase which has been used by the administration of United States President George W. Bush to refer to the nations whose governments supported (most of them militarily) the United States position in the Iraq disarmament crisis and later the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent occupation duties in Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–2006. |
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| was a 20th Century foreign policy theory that speculated if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect.The theory was used by many United States leaders during the Cold War to justify U.S. intervention in the Vietnam War. |
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| was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland Crisis between the major powers of Europe after a conference held in Munich, Germany in 1938 and signed on September 29.The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of Czechoslovakia and it ended up surrendering much of that state to Nazi Germany. It is considered by many as a major example of appeasement. |
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| is a policy of extending control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires. This is either through direct territorial conquest or settlement, or through indirect methods of exerting control on the politics and/or economy of other countries. The term is often used to describe the policy of a country's dominance over distant lands, regardless of whether the country considers itself part of the empire. The "Age of Imperialism" usually refers to the New Imperialism period starting from 1860, when major European states started colonizing the other continents. |
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| is a term, often pejorative, used to refer economic systems that are seen to share policies similar to the mercantilism of the early modern period. These are generally protectionist measures in the form of high tariffs and other import restrictions to protect domestic industries. At its simplest level, it proposes that economic independence and self-sufficiency are legitimate objectives for a nation to pursue, and systems of protection are justified to allow the nation to develop its industrial and commercial infrastructure to the point where it can compete on equal terms in international trade. |
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| was a United States foreign policy announced by President Harry S. Truman in March 1947 that the U.S. government would support Greece and Turkey with military and economic aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet orbit.For many marks the start of the cold war. |
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| is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action. Such action may be in disregard for other parties, or as an expression of a commitment toward a direction which other parties may find agreeable. |
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| Weapons of Mass Destruction |
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| generally include nuclear, biological, chemical and, increasingly, radiological weapons |
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| is the principle that there is one China and that mainland China, Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, Xinjiang and Taiwan are all part of that China.One interpretation, which was adopted during the Cold War, is that either the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China is the sole rightful government of all China and that the other government is illegitimate |
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| is the spread of nuclear weapons production technology and knowledge to nations that do not already have such capabilities. It has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons, who fear that more countries with nuclear weapons may increase the possibility of nuclear warfare, de-stabilize international or regional relations, or infringe upon the national sovereignty of individual nation-states. |
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| is a system aspiring to the maintenance of peace, in which participants agree that any "breach of the peace is to be declared to be of concern to all the participating states," 1 and will result in a collective response. This began in 1918 after the international balance of power was perceived by many nations to be no longer working correctly. |
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| is an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 democratic member states from the European continent. The Union nowadays has a common single market consisting of a customs union, a single currency managed by the European Central Bank (so far adopted by 12 of the 25 member states), a Common Agricultural Policy, a common trade policy, and a Common Fisheries Policy.[2] A Common Foreign and Security Policy was also established as the second of the three pillars of the European Union. |
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| (April 20, 1889 - April 30, 1945) was chancellor of Germany from 1933 and leader of Germany from 1934 until his death. He was leader of the Nazi Party. |
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| is an American business executive and a former United States Secretary of Defense. McNamara served as Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968. He resigned that position to become President of the World Bank (1968–1981). |
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| is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural, economic, military or political domination. |
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| is a French term meaning relaxation, which has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. Generally, it may be applied to any international situation where previously hostile nations not involved in an open war "warm up" to each other and threats de-escalate. However, it is primarily used in reference to the general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and a weakening of the Cold War, occurring from the late 1960s until the start of the 1980s. |
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| is a controversial theory in international relations popularized by Samuel P. Huntington. The basis of Huntington's thesis is that people's cultural/religious identity will be the primary agent of conflict in the post-Cold War world. |
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| Law concerning acceptable practices while engaged in war, like the Geneva Conventions, is called Jus in bello; while law concerning allowable justifications for armed force is called Jus ad bellum. |
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| is a punishable offense, under international (criminal) law, for violations of the law of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. Every violation of the law of war in an inter-state conflict is a war crime, while violations in internal conflicts don't necessarily amount to war crimes. |
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| is waged in an attempt to repel or defeat an imminent offensive or invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in an impending (usually unavoidable) war.The intention with a preemptive strike is to gain the advantage of initiative and to harm the enemy at a moment of minimal protection, for instance while vulnerable during transport or mobilization. |
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| is a controversial term intended to mean a weak state in which the central government has little practical control over much of its territory.A state could be said to "succeed" if it maintains a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within its borders. When this is broken (e.g., through the dominant presence of warlords, militias, or terrorism), the very existence of the state becomes dubious, and the state becomes a failed state. |
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| the belief that all forms of rulership are undesirable and should be abolished |
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| international organizations |
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is an organization of international scope or character. There are two main types of international organizations:
* international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), whose members are sovereign states or other intergovernmental organizations (like the European Union and the WTO).
* and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which are private organizations. |
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| issued on September 20, 2002, refers to the set of foreign policies adopted by the President of the United States George W. Bush in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks. In an address to the United States Congress after the attacks, President Bush had declared that the U.S. would "make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them," a statement that was followed by the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan. Subsequently, the Bush Doctrine has come to be identified with a policy that permits preventive war against potential aggressors before they are capable of mounting attacks against the United States, a view that has been used in part as a rationale for the 2003 Iraq War. The Bush Doctrine is a marked departure from the policies of deterrence that generally characterized American foreign policy during the Cold War and brief period between the collapse of the Soviet Union and 9/11, and can also be contrasted with the Kirkpatrick Doctrine of supporting stable right-wing dictatorships that was influential during the Administration of Ronald Reagan. |
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| is a Ghanaian diplomat and the seventh and current Secretary-General of the United Nations.Annan's Secretary-Generalship was renewed on January 1, 2002, an unusual deviation from informal policy.He proposed the establishment of a Global AIDS and Health Fund to stimulate increased spending needed to help developing countries confront the HIV/AIDS crisis. |
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| is an umbrella term for restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation, and usage of weapons, especially weapons of mass destruction. Arms control is typically exercised through the use of diplomacy which seeks to impose such limitations upon consenting participants through international treaties and agreements, although it may also comprise efforts by a nation or group of nations to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting country. |
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| refers to a situation wherein two or more states are drawn into conflict, possibly even war, over security concerns, even though none of the states actually desire conflict.Essentially, the security dilemma occurs when two or more states each feel insecure vis-à-vis other states. None of the states involved want relations to deteriorate, let alone for war to be declared, but as each state acts militarily or diplomatically to make itself more secure, the other states interpret its actions as threatening. An ironic cycle of unintended provocations emerges, resulting in an escalation of the conflict which may eventually lead to open warfare. |
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| took place on October 3, 1990, when the areas of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR, in English commonly called "East Germany") were incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, in English commonly called "West Germany"). |
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