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World of Viruses: Midterm
University of Guelph: MICR*3300
461
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
10/19/2016

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
5' cap
Definition
A cap on the 5' end of mRNAs. Discovered by A.J. Shatkin and B. Moss in 1975. Important for translation.
Term
φX174
Definition
An ssDNA virus with a circular genome.
Term
A.E. Smith
Definition
In 1984, discovered nuclear localization signals.
Term
A.J. Shatkin and B. Moss
Definition
In 1975, discovered 5' caps of mRNAs in reovirus and vaccinia virus.
Term
Achilles
Definition
A Spartan who fought in the Trojan wars. He was killed by the brother of Hector, from an arrow to the heel.
Term
Acidianus bottle virus
Definition
A virus, 230 nm long, 75 nm wide. Affects archaebacteria hosts.
Term
Acylation
Definition
A post-translational protein modification. Addition of lipid components to the polypeptide. Makes a protein hydrophobic.
Term
Adenoviridae
Definition
A family of isometric viruses. 80 - 110 nm in size. Includes fowl adenovirus 8.
Term
Adenovirus
Definition
A genus of dsDNA viruses with a linear genome. Affect birds. Has isometric symmetry, T = 25. Has twelve pentons, each composed of 5 protomers. Has twelve hexons per triangular face, for a total of 240, each composed of 3 protomers. Has fibres which are receptors for cells. Can be used to make vaccines. Inhibits the immune system response of apoptosis.
Term
Adolf Mayer
Definition
In 1886, asked if tobacco mosaic disease was caused by an infectious agent. Used his tumb to transfer the virus from a diseased plant to a healthy plant, causing it to become diseased.
Term
Alex Carrel
Definition
Grew organs in rich media. Won a Nobel Prize in 1912. Had problems with contamination; competition between virus and bacterial or fungal contaminations.
Term
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
Definition
In 1952, proved that DNA was the genetic material for bacteriophage T2. Blended phage T2 to demonstrate that labelled DNA but not labelled protein entered bacteria to initiate virus ifnection.
Term
Alice Woodruff and Ernest Goodpasture
Definition
In 1931, grew fowlpox virus on the chorioallantoic membranes of chicken embryos. The poxvirus resulted in thickening of the membrane, resulting in distinct pocks on the membranes; each pock is one viral infection. Allowed for testing of Koch's postulates for viruses. Studies extended to growth of vaccinia and herpesvirus in chicken embryos or tissues.
Term
Alimentary tract
Definition

Gastrointestinal

A portal of entry. The virus is eaten. Poliovirus, norovirus, and diarrhea can infect through this point.

Term
Ambisense
Definition
A virus with part of the genome is +RNA, and part of the genome is -RNA.
Term
American Revolutionary War
Definition

1775 - 1776

A war between America and Britain. The British army held Quebec from American invasion due to smallpox. False British maps were used to trick Americans into thinking their march would be shorter, and winter weather caused many soldiers to go AWOL or die from harsh conditions.

Term
Amino acid
Definition
A type of molecule. There are 20, with functional groups providing chemical characters such as charge and polarity.
Term
Animal viruses
Definition
More difficult to work with because animals are expensive, the virus many need specific tissues, there may be other diseases, nutritional problems, or latent infections, as well as ethical issues.
Term
Anthrax
Definition
A disease caused by bacteria which affects cattle. Robert Kock discovered their endospores.
Term
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
A Dutch scientist from 1683 who invented a high resolution light microscope with excellent visual acuity. Described "little animalcules" in water droplets.
Term
Anus
Definition
A portal of entry. HPV and HIV can infect through this point.
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
A defense mechanism of the cell against the virus, but it can be caused by the virus in order to replicate itself.
Term
Arenavirus
Definition
A genus of negative RNA viruses.
Term
Arterivirus
Definition
A genus of positive sense RNA viruses.
Term
Arthropod borne
Definition
Intravenous vector borne. Yellow fiver virus, West Nile virus, and Eastern equine encephalitis virus can infect through this point.
Term
Arthur Kornberg
Definition
In 1967, generated the φX174 genome with purified enzymes and viral DNA template.
Term
Asfarivirus
Definition
A genus of dsDNA viruses.
Term
Assembly
Definition
The fifth sequelae of virus replication. There is self-assembly of viral nucleic acids and proteins.
Term
Astrovirus
Definition
A genus of positive sense RNA viruses.
Term
Attachment
Definition
The first sequelae of animal virus infection and virus replication. Common to all viruses. The virus attaches to a cell receptor. Receptors can be highly specific or highly generalized. Viruses can infect cells with the receptor, and cannot infect cells lacking the receptor. Viruses cannot infect cell in which the virus was removed, or treated with antibodies of the receptor. Viruses can infect cells into which the receptor was introduced by transformation. The more the amount of virus, the more likely that attachment will occur.
Term
Autism
Definition
It is not correlated with vaccines.
Term
Avian influenza virus
Definition
A virus. During attachment, it recognizes α2, 3 linkage between sialic acid and galactose.
Term
Axial rise (p)
Definition

The raise in height between each subunit.

P = μ × p

Term
Bacterial virus
Definition
Research is cheap, and they are easy to grow and handle.
Term
Bacteriophage
Definition
A virus with a tail structure; it is a combination of helical and spherical structure.
Term
Bacteriophage lytic cycle
Definition
Cell receptor and phage interaction is very specific, sometimes strain specific.
Term
Bacteriophage replication
Definition

Has three stages: eclipse phase, maturation, and latent phase.

1. Attachment to host cell receptor

2. Localized lysis with viral lysozymes, and penetration and injection of virus DNA into the cell

3. Early mRNA is transcribed and viral enzymes are syntehsized

4. Nucleic acid replication

5. Late mRNA syntehsis

6. Late protein synthesis

7. Formation of empty precapsids

8. Assembly and DNA packaging of precapsids

9. Lysis of cell wall with viral lysozymes

10. Release of viral particles through the rent in the wall

11. Infection of adjacent cells, repeating the lytic cycle

Term
Baculoviurses
Definition
Viruses that affect insects.
Term
Baltimore classification
Definition
Classification of viruses based on nature of their genomes and mRNA synthesis.
Term
Bangalali Youngi
Definition
An Ebola survivor from Liberia in 2016; this marked Ebola transmission as no longer a global health risk.
Term
Baozhong Meng
Definition
A professor at University of Guelph doing research on grapevine stem pitting disease virus.
Term
Beet curly top virus
Definition
A virus in the family Geminiviridae. Affects beets and tomatoes.
Term
Beluga whale coronavirus
Definition
A positive sense ssRNA virus in the family Coronaviridae. Genome is 31.7 kb.
Term
Binomial nomenclature
Definition
The species and genus of a living organism.
Term
Biosynthesis
Definition
The fourth sequelae of virus replication. Viral nucleic acids and proteins are synthesized. Includes transcription, translation, and replication.
Term
Birnavirus
Definition
A genus of dsRNA viruses with a linear, segmented genome.
Term
Bornavirus
Definition
A genus of negative sense RNA viruses.
Term
Bronchiolitis
Definition
Inflammation of the small airways. Can be caused by RSV.
Term
Budding
Definition
The method of release of enveloped viruses. The virus buds through the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, or plasma membrane. The cell membrane becomes the viral membrane surrounding the nucleocapsid.
Term
Bunyavirus
Definition
A genus of negative sense RNA viruses with a linear, segmented genome.
Term
Calicivirus
Definition
A genus of positive sense RNA viruses.
Term
Camelpox virus
Definition
A virus that affects pigs and camels.
Term
Capillary
Definition

Drug injetion

A portal of entry. HIV, rabies, and flaviviruses can infect through this point.

Term
Capsid
Definition

"Box"

A component of the nucleocapsid. A hollow protective protein shell surrounding the core. Composed of capsomeres which self-crystallize into the capsid's final shape and size. The nucleocapsid morphology and symmetry is based on the nature of capsid protein interactions. Its structural integrity depends on the environment. Helps assemble the genome. Protects the genome outside of the cell, and dissociates inside the cell to release the genome. In naked viruses it is needed for attachment to cell receptors, indicating host specificity.

Term
Capsid protein (C)
Definition
A component of the Zika virus virion. Forms the icosahedral capsid.
Term
Capsomere
Definition
The protein structural unit of a virus capsid. Visible with an electron microscope. Consists of protomers. Includes hexons and pentons.
Term
Carbohydrate
Definition
A component of a virion. Associated with protein and/or lipids. Includes glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Term
Carlos Finlay
Definition
A Cuban who suggested in 1881 that mosquitoes could transmit yellow fever.
Term
Case
Definition
An individual who is suspected to have the disease in an outbreak.
Term
Chamberland filter
Definition
Invented by Edoard Chamberland in 1884. A filter used to sterilize water, using an unglazed ceramic powder. Effective in removing large bactiera, protozoa, and fungi from water, making it safe to drink. Cannot filter out viruses.
Term
Chicken embryo
Definition
Found in fertilized chicken eggs. Susceptible to many viruses, making them good hosts for culturing viruses.
Term
Chicken sarcoma virus
Definition
A disease discovered by Peyton Rouse in 1910. Symptoms include avian muscle cancer. The first virus found to cause cancer.
Term
Chickenpox
Definition
A childhood illness that used to be common, but is now preventable through a varicella vaccine. Caused by varicella zoser virus. Symptoms are itchy spots. It can cause dangerous complications in newborns, adults, and pregnant women. Before the development of the vaccine, it caused hospitalization in 11,000 Americans every year.
Term
Cholera
Definition
A disease. The person has diarrhea and can die from dehydration, but can be saved by forced rehydration. Every year, 100,000 people die from cholera. It is spread by contaminated water.
Term
Circoviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes coconut foliar decay virus.
Term
Circovirus
Definition
A genus of isometric ssDNA viruses with a circular genome. 17 nm in diameter.
Term
Classification
Definition
Grouping of species according to shared physical properties. Includes Baltimore classification.
Term
Closed structure
Definition
Lenth of the nucleic acid dependson the structure. Isometric viruses have closed structure. There is a maxmum amount of nucleic acids which can fit in the capsid.
Term
Closteroviridae
Definition
A family of helical viruses. 12 x 2200 nm in size. Affects plant hosts.
Term
Coconut foliar decay virus
Definition
A DNA virus in the family Circoviridae. Has complete genome, 1.3 kb.
Term
Coconut virus
Definition
An ssDNA virus in the family Nanoviridae. Genome is 1.3 kb, with 3 open reading frames.
Term
Colony
Definition
A group of bacteria growing on an agar plate large enough that you can see it. Millions of bacterial cells can arise from one cell.
Term
Communicable disease
Definition
In ancient times, it was thought they were caused by divine intervention, imbalances of elements, miasmas, vapours, or spirits.
Term
Complex
Definition
A shape of virion. Has limit or no symmetry. A mixture of isometric and helical symmetry. Includes pox virus, rabies virus, T4 phage, pandornavirus, flowpox virus, and enterobacteria phage.
Term
Conjunctiva
Definition

Eyes

A portal of entry. Some herpesviruses and adenoviruses can infect through this point.

Term
Constantin Levaditi
Definition
In 1906 used chicken embryos to grow microorgnaisms. In 1909 showed that the poliomyelitis agent was a virus using tissue explants. Opened a small hole in the chicken egg to insert the virus. This method is used to make influenza vaccines.
Term
Contagion
Definition
A movie abotu a disease, based on a virus.
Term
Core
Definition
A component of the nucleocapsid. The DNA or RNA genome, and core nucleoproteins. The viral chromosome encodes all viral proteins, structural, and non-structural.
Term
Coronaviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes beluga whale coronavirus and murine hepatitis JHM.
Term
Coronavirus
Definition
A genus of positive sense RNA viruses.
Term
Coupled transcription
Definition
Translation occurs at the same time as translation, with the ribosome attaching to mRNA while it is still being transcribed. Occurs in prokaryotes.
Term
Coxsackievirus A 16
Definition
A virus in the family Picornaviridae. Causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease.
Term
Craig Venter
Definition
In 2003, chemically synthesized φX174 ssDNA genome in vitro from oligonucleotides. This was the first time DNA was synthesized.
Term
Croup
Definition
A childhood illness most common in children under the age of 5. Caused by parainfluenzavirus. Symptoms are a tight cough that sounds like a barking seal, caused by inflammation of the upper airways. If breathing becomes severely impaired, hospitalizaton may be required. Most children recover in about a week.
Term
Cytopathology
Definition

"Cell illness"

A criterion for demarcation of viruses into species. Cellular symptoms of a disease. Includes lysis, or occlusion bodies. Can be seen with microscopy.

Term
Dead-end host
Definition
A host which can contract a virus, but cannot transmit it. Horses are a dead-end virus for West Nile virus; horses can be affected by the virus, but a mosquito cannot acquire the virus from a horse.
Term
Delta agent
Definition
Has a subviral genome.
Term
Demarcation criteria
Definition
Things you can look at to determine taxonomy. Decided by the ICTV. Includes cytopathology, physiochemical, genome, proteome, and morphology.
Term
Dmitri Ivanovsky
Definition
In 1892, demonstrated that tobacco mosiac disease is caused by a filterable virus. In his experiments he filtered matter from an infected plant, and found that the fluid was still able to infect healthy plants. A healthy plant was infected with the fluid from another healthy plant as a control. Concluded that the disease is caused by something very small.
Term
Direct release
Definition
The method of release in naked viruses. The cell lysis, or there is apoptosis.
Term
Disease
Definition
A nomenclature system for viruses. Viruses are named for the disease they cause. Example: encephalitis virus, sarcoma virus.
Term
DNA
Definition
A compnent for DNA replication and transcription. Used as the template.
Term
DNA binding protein
Definition
A component for DNA replication.
Term
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (DrRp)
Definition
Needed by DNA viruses for transcription of mRNA.
Term
DNA helicase
Definition
A component for DNA replication.
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
A component for DNA replication.
Term
DNA virus
Definition
Includes ssDNA and dsDNA viruses, which can have linear or circular genomes. Genome size is 1.3 - 1200 kb. Needs DdRP to transcribe mRNA. Needs DNA polymerase (host or viral) to replicate the genome. The 5' cap is added to mRNA in the nucleus.
Term
dNTP
Definition
A type of molecule, a component of DNA. Includes dA, dG, dT, and dC.
Term
Double stranded DNA (dsDNA)
Definition
A type of DNA virus. Can have more variation in structure than ssDNA viruses. The dsDNA is transcribed into mRNA. The dsDNA is replicated into dsDNA for genome replication.
Term
Double stranded RNA (dsRNA)
Definition
A type of RNA virus. Genome is always segmented. The dsRNA is transcribed into mRNA. The dsRNA is transcribed into dsRNA for genome replication.
Term
E. Volkin and L. Astrachan
Definition
In 1956, indirectly discovered mRNA while studying T2 phage.
Term
Early protein
Definition
Proteins produced early in viral infection. Enzymes that interact with host defenses. May prevent apoptosis.
Term
Ebola restin
Definition
A virus that affects monkeys, and not people.
Term
Ebola virus (EBOV)
Definition
A simple, helical negative-sense ssRNA virus in the genus Ebolaviurs, family Filoviridae. Has a complete genome, 18.9 kb. The name of this virus comes from the Ebola River in the Congo, where it was first isolated. There are several species, including Zaire, Sudan, Tai Forest, Bundibugya, and Reston. The virion is long and filamentous, 90 nm in diameter and 1000 nm in length. It has an envelop with GP protein surface projections. Transcription begins at the 3' end, and can halt or continue at each point between reading frames, causing polypeptides near the 3' end to be most numerous than polypeptides near the 5' end. Protein components in the virion, in order of most to least translated are: NP, VP35, VP40, GP, sGP, VP30, VP24, and L. The virus can be detected in blood serum, even in people who are not sick. It can be transmitted by fruit bats, especially when eaten. It can last for 565 days in human semen.
Term
Ebola virus outbreak
Definition
Occured in Sierra Leone in 2013 - 2016. Caused 28,646 cases and 11,323 deaths. The virus peaked in November 2014, and the last case was in March 2016.
Term
Ebolavirus
Definition
A genus of viruses. Includes Ebola virus.
Term
Eclipse phase
Definition
The first phase of bacteriophage replication. There is no infectious virus produced. Virus is not detectable in this phase.
Term
Edouard Chamberland
Definition
Invented the Chamberland filter in 1884.
Term
Egyptian priest
Definition
Images of a priest were found, made in 1403 - 1365. Shows evidence of an injured leg from polio virus.
Term
Emile Ouamouno
Definition
The index case of Ebola; he contracted the disease in December 2013. He was a bat hunter, and may have contracted the disease from eating bats.
Term
Emiliania huxleyi
Definition
An organism affected by phycodnavirus.
Term
Endemic
Definition
When a disease is present in a local area.
Term
Enterovirus
Definition
A genus of RNA viruses.
Term
Entomopoxvirus
Definition
A genus of complex brick shaped viruses. 450 x 250 x 250 nm in size. Affects insect hosts.
Term
Envelope
Definition
Present in enveloped viruses. A lipid and protein membrane which surrounds the nucleocapsid. May have peplomers. Provides surface proteins for attachment to cell receptors, dictating host specificity. Does not provide very much protection; it can dry out, killing the virion. Dictates how the virus can enter a cell.
Term
Envelope protein (E)
Definition
A component of the Zika virus virion. A dimer.
Term
Enveloped virus
Definition
A virus which has an envelope. The nucleocapsid is usually flexible, to prevent shearing. Exit the host cell by budding. Transmission must be quick because the envelope can dry out. Includes herpesvirus and HIV.
Term
Epidemic
Definition
When a disease is present worldwide. HIV and influenza are epidemic.
Term
Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
Definition
Invented the electron microscope in 1933. Ernst Ruska is the brother of Helmut Ruska, and won the Nobel Prize in 1986.
Term
Escherichia coli
Definition
Genome is 4,600 kb.
Term
Eshmuna Code
Definition
Written in 2300 BC. It mentions rabies.
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
Cells have a nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi body. There is nuclear processing including splicing, addition of 5' cap and 3' poly-A tails. mRNA has cytoplasmic translation and is monocistronic. Ribosomes are free as well as membrane-bound. No cell wall, plant and yeast cells excepted.
Term
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G)
Definition
A cellular cap binding protein for the 5' cap of cellular mRNAs in eukaryotes. It is needed for ribosomes to recognize a cellular mRNA for translation. It is cleaved by viral proteases of poliovirus, causing cessation of translation of host mRNAs.
Term
F. Bawden and N. Price
Definition
In 1937, crystalized tobacco mosaic virus, and found that it contained protein and nucleic acid.
Term
Family
Definition

"-viridae"

A taxonomic level. There are 103 families of viruses.

Term
Felix d'Herelle
Definition
A Quebecois scientist who discovered plaques in Shigella lawns in 1915.
Term
Fifth disease
Definition

Slapped cheek disease

A childhood illness that first causes mild cold symptoms, then causes a bright red rash on the face, and may also appear on the torso, arms, or legs. Once rash appears the child is usually no longer contagious, and it lasts for seven to ten days. Caused by human paravirus B19. Very common; up to 60% of people have had it by age of 19.

Term
Filoviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes Ebola virus.
Term
Filovirus
Definition
A genus of negative sense RNA viurses. Rod-shaped or helical. 80 x 14 μm in size.
Term
Filterable virus
Definition
In the 1880s all infectious agents were called "viruses", at that time the term "filterable virus" was used for true viruses.
Term
Flaviviridae
Definition
A family of isometric viruses. 40 - 60 nm in size, with an envelope. Includes Zika and hepatitis C virus.
Term
Flavivirus
Definition
A genus of positive sense RNA viruses with a linear, non-segmented genome. Includes Zika and yellow fever.
Term
Flu
Definition
A disease caused by influenza virus. Symptoms are high fever, chills, body aches, extreme fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Most children recover on their own, but the flue can lead to complications including pneumonia, especially in younger children. Annual flu vaccinations are recommended for children aged 6 months and older.
Term
Fomite
Definition
A non-living thing which can transmit a virus, such as blankets, clothes, or linens. Things which are not themselves, corrupt, but can foster the essential seeds of contagion, and cause infection.
Term
Foot and mouth disease virus
Definition
A disease of cattle and goats. Discovered by Fred Loeffler and Paul Frosch in 1898.
Term
Forced rehydration
Definition
Treatment of plenty of water with disolved sugar and salt. Used to treat hemorrhagic fever and cholera.
Term
Fowl adenovirus 8
Definition
A DNA virus in the family Adenoviridae. Has a complete genome, 45.1 kb.
Term
Fowl avian leucosis
Definition
A disease discovered by Wilhelm Ellerman and Olaf Bang in 1908. Symptoms include avian cancer.
Term
Fowlpox
Definition
A complex virus in the family Poxviridae. 330 x 280 x 200 nm in size. Affects fowl, causing a pox. Each pock is the site of a single viral infection.
Term
Frank McFarlane Burnet
Definition
In 1932, develoepd the chicken embryo as a host for some animal viruses, such as canarypoxvirus.
Term
Fred Bawden and Norm Pirie
Definition
In 1937 found that tobacco mosaic virus crystals contained 6% RNA.
Term
Fred Loeffler and Paul Frosch
Definition
Discovered foot and mouth disease in cattle in 1898.
Term
Fred Twort
Definition
Discovered glassey transformation of micrococci in 1915. Noticed that bacteria were being made to lyse.
Term
Frederick Sanger
Definition
In 1977, sequenced φX174 ssDNA genome, which has 5,375 nucleotides.
Term
Fusion
Definition
A way that an enveloped virus may penetrate a cell. The envelope fuses with the plasma membrane, releasing the nucleocapsid into the cell. Includes measels virus, herpesvirus, and HIV.
Term
Geminiviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes beet curly top virus.
Term
Geminivirus
Definition
A genus of ssDNA viruses with a circular genome. It looks like two parts stuck together.
Term
Generalized eukaryotic virus replication
Definition

Only a small fraction of virions produced are infectious.

1. Attachment. Viral glycoproteins bind to receptors on the host cell's membrane

2. Penetration. The viral core enters the cell

3. Uncoating. The viral genome is uncoated and the viral proteins degrade

4. Genome transcription. The viral genome is transcribed into mRNA

5. Translation. Enzymes are produced early on, then later on capsid proteins. The transcripts are translated into new capsid proteins and envelope glycoproteins

6. Genome replication. The viral genome is replicated

7. Transport of glycoproteins to cell membranes (enveloped viruses only). Glycoproteins are transported in vesicles to the host plasma membrane

8. Virus assembly. New virions assemble from replicated genome and capsid proteins. Genome, capsid, proteins, and envelope all assemble

9. Release from the cell.

Term
Genome
Definition
A criterion for demarcation of viruses into genera and families. Whether the genome is DNA or RNA, positive, negative, or double stranded. Often the first demarcation criteria to be checked.
Term
Genome replication
Definition
A component of biosynthesis. Replication of the viral genome.
Term
Genus
Definition

"-virus"

A taxonomic level. There are 455 genera of viruses.

Term
Geography
Definition
A nomenclature system for viruses. VIruses are named after places. Example: Powassan virus.
Term
Girolamo Fracastoro
Definition
An Italian scientist from 1546. Said that epidemic diseases were due to infection with transferable minute bodies. Defined fomites.
Term
Glassey transformation of micrococci
Definition
A bacteriophage discovered by Fred Twort.
Term
Glycolipid
Definition
A component of a virion. Found in the envelope.
Term
Glycoprotein
Definition

"Sugar protein"

A component of a virion. Found in the envelope or the capsid.

Term
Glycoprotein (GP)
Definition
An open reading frame in the Ebola virus genome. Encodes a major envelope homotrimer protein, the fourth most numerous polypeptide. A surface protein that latches onto the cell. It is sensed by the immune system, which produces antibodies to cover the glycoprotein. Assists in budding of nucleocapsids from cells.
Term
Glycosylation
Definition
A post-translational protein modification. Carbohydrates are added to polypeptide. Only certain amino acids can be glycosylated.
Term
Golgi protease
Definition
A peptide that cleaves the Zika virus polyprotein.
Term
Goose hepadnavirus
Definition
A dsDNA virus with 3.0 kb, with 4 open reading frames.
Term
Grapevine stem pitting disease virus
Definition
Research is being done on this virus by Dr. Baozhong Meng at the University of Guelph.
Term
Great flue pandemic
Definition
An outbreak of Spanish flu that occurred in 1918, causing 20 - 70 million deaths, mostly in India.
Term
Greek
Definition
A nomenclature system for viruses. Viruses are named with Greek words. Example: rhabdovirus (rod).
Term
Guy Carleton
Definition
Commanded the British army in the American Revolutionary War.
Term
H.H. McKinney
Definition
In 1926, isolated variants of tobacco mosaic viurs based on lesion morphology.
Term
Haemaglutinin (HA)
Definition
A surface protein of influenza virus. Trimeric. Has 16 subtypes. Causes red blood cells to stick together.
Term
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Definition
A childhood illness that causes fever and blisters on the inside of the mouth, palms of the hands, buttocks, and soles of the feet. Caused by coxsackievirus A 16. Tends to spread among children during summer and early fall. Most children recover in a week to ten days.
Term
Hector
Definition
A Trojan protecting Helen from being returned to the Greek King Menelaus. He was described as being very mad, and having foam coming from hist mouth, suggesting that he had rabies! He might have spread the rabies virus to Achilles.
Term
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Beatrice Singer
Definition
In 1957, did a classic experiment that proved that RNA was the genetic material in tobacco mosaic virus. At this point in time it was known that DNA was the genetic material in living organisms. Dissociated two different mutants of the virus into protein and RNA, then re-associated the protein with the opposite RNA. Plants infected with tehse new viral agents produced the virus phenotypes of the RNA donor.
Term
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams
Definition
In 1952 dissociated tobacco mosiac virus agent into protein and RNA fractions, and found that they occurred in a 200:1 ratio. They could re-associated protein and RNA into infectious tobacco mosaic agent.
Term
HeLa cells
Definition
An immortalized cell culture collected from the cervical cancer of Henrietta Lacks in 1951. These cells are still alive.
Term
Helical
Definition

Rod-shaped

A shape of virion. Has radial symmetry. Capsid proteins wrap around the core in a helical pattern to form a rod. May only use one protomer. Includes tobacco mosaic virus, infuenza virus, and Ebola virus. Have open structure.

Term
Helicase
Definition
A component for transcription.
Term
Helmut Ruska
Definition
Observed tobacco mosaic virus using an electron microscope in 1939. The brother of Ernst Ruska.
Term
Hemorrhagic fever
Definition
Caused by Ebola virus. Blood oozes from pores. Vomiting and diarrhea, and the person can die from dehydration, but they can be saved by forced rehydration.
Term
Henle/Koch's postulates
Definition

Proposed by Robert Koch. Prove that an agent causes a specific disease.

1. Every diseased organism has the agent, and every healthy organism lacks the agent

2. The agent can be grown in a "pure culture"

3. Infection of a healthy organism with the pure culture of the agent should cause the same disease

4. The diseased organism shows evidence of the agent, and the agent can be re-isolated and cultivated and shown to be the same.

Term
Henry Bouquet
Definition
A colonel who in his correspondence with Jeffrey Amherst, said he would try to inoculate Native Americans with smallpox using blankets.
Term
Hepadnavirus
Definition
A genus of dsDNA retroviruses with a circular genome. Some parts of the genome are double-stranded, and some parts are single-stranded. The DNA enters the nucleus, is repaired to become fully ddDNA, then it is transcribed into +RNA, then into -ssDNA, then transcribed into dsDNA that is transcribed into mRNA. The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus for translation. Pleomorphic; some are long, and some are spherical.
Term
Hepatitis
Definition
A disease of the liver. Can be caused by many viruses.
Term
Hepatitis A virus
Definition
A virus in the family Picornaviridae.
Term
Hepatitis B virus
Definition
A DNA virus.
Term
Hepatitis C virus
Definition
An RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae. Has a complete genome, 9.4 kb.
Term
Herpesviridae
Definition
A family of isometric viruses. 100 - 110 nm in size. Includes varicella zoser virus and human herpesvirus 2.
Term
Hepevirus
Definition
A genus of positive sense RNA viruses. Isometric, T = 16.
Term
Herpesvirus
Definition
A genus of dsDNA viruses. 200 nm in diameter. Causes a latent infection, activated by stress hormones; can cause cold sores. Once a person contracts it, they have it for life. A latent virus, stimulated to reproduce by stress hormones. Isometric, with 12 pentons composed of the same protomer as the 150 hexons. Only one gene is needed. Has larger capsomers than adenovirus, and is larger than adenovirus, despite having a smaller T value. Has an envelope with a tegument. Buds through the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi body when released. During translation there is a scaffold that disintegrates once capsids are formed.
Term
Hexon
Definition
A capsomere of any shape found within the 20 triangular faces of an isometric virion. Generally six-sided, and consisting of 6 protomers. If you have only hexons, they make a flat surface.
Term
Host
Definition
A nomenclature system for viruses. Viruses are named for their hosts. Example: tobacco mosaic virus, human herpesvirus.
Term
Host range
Definition
A phenotype of a virus. A criterion for demarcation of viruses into species. The range of hosts that a virus can infect. The host species, tissue, and cells affected. In tobacco mosaic virus, some mutants can also infect tomato.
Term
Human
Definition
Genome is 3.038 billion bp, with 25,000 open reading frames. Humans are susceptible to about 100 viral diseases.
Term
Human enterovirus-D68
Definition
A virus related to polio. Children are susceptible to it, because they don't have immunity. Symptoms can include paralysis and a runny nose. There was an outbreak in BC in September 2016, with 8 confirmed cases.
Term
Human herpesvirus 2 (HSV2)
Definition
A DNA virus in the family Herpesviridae. Has a complete genome, 154.7 kb.
Term
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Definition
A complex RNA virus in the family Retroviridae. 110 nm in diameter. Has a complete genome, 9.2 kb. Transmitted sexually; there must be tears in sexual organs for transmission. Capsid consists of two halves of an icosahedron, separated by a tubular layer of hexons. Has an envelope.
Term
Human influenza virus
Definition
During attachment, it recognizes α2, 6 linkage between sialic acid and galactose.
Term
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Definition
A virus that is transmitted sexually. The cause of most cervical cancer. There are 9 differen types.
Term
Human papilloma virus type 52
Definition
A DNA virus in the family Papoviridae. Has a complete genome, 7.9 kb. Causes cervical cancer.
Term
Human paravirus B19
Definition
A virus in the family Parvoviridae. Causes fifth disease.
Term
Human rhinovirus 16
Definition
An RNA virus in the family Picornaviridae. Has a complete genome, 7.1 kb.
Term
Icosahedron
Definition
A polyhedron with 12 pentagonal apexes, 20 triangular faces, and 30 edges. Has 5:3:2-fold axes of symmetry. Similar to a geodesic dome, or a soccer ball. Triangular faces may each contain one or more hexagons, depending on the size of the icosahedron and the triangulation number.
Term
Immortalized cell culture
Definition

Continuous culure

A kind of tissue culture. Cells are grown on fresh medium. Not all cells are capable of this. Includes HeLa cells.

Term
Inclusion body
Definition
Virogenic stroma areas of virus assembly. Clusters of capsids where a virus is replicating in a cell. Visible by light microscopy.
Term
Index case
Definition
The first human individual confirmed to have the disease in an outbreak.
Term
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)
Definition
A virus that affects fish.
Term
Influenza virus
Definition
An RNA virus is the famliy Orthomyxociridae. Has an ssRNA segmented genome with 8 segments, encoding 8 nucleocapsids. May be transmitted by ducks. Symptoms may be similar to the cold or to the flu. Has a membrane. Can be pleomorphic. Virion has two surface proteins: haemaglutinin and neuraminidase. The receptor for virus attachment is sialic acid. Human and avian influenza viruses can both affect pigs; there can be recombination of viral genes in pig cells infected by both. Buds through the plasma membrane when released. The 5' cap of the genome is stolen from cellular mRNAs, and the poly-A tail is encoded.
Term
Influenza H5N1
Definition
A virus that affects ducks. There was an outbreak recently in St. Catherine's.
Term
Insect polydnavirus
Definition
A dsDNA virus with a circular, polydisperse genome.
Term
Internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
Definition
A sequence of poliovirus mRNA that acts like a 5' cap, allowing the ribosome to recognize it and translate mRNA.
Term
International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses (ICNV)
Definition

1966 - 1973

First meeting was at the Ninth International Microbiology Congress in Moscow. Has accepted rules for viral classification.

Term
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
Definition

1973 - present

Tries to classify all viruses. Responsible for updated reports of the ICTV. The most recent is the 9th report, 2011. Define criteria for demarcation of viruses.

Term
Iridoviridae
Definition
A gamily of isometric viruses. 170 nm in size.
Term
Iridovirus
Definition
A genus of large dsDNA viruses with a linear, circularly permuted genome. Forms iridescence when crystalized. Insect larvae infected have iridescence.
Term
Isometric
Definition

Spherical

A shape of a virion. Has icosahedral symmetry. Allows for limited viral genome; the capsid is composed of one or two polypeptides. All have 12 penton capsomers, and hexon capsomers within the 20 triangular faces, number indicating the triangulation value of the virus. Have closed structure. Includes rhinovirus, poliovirus, flavivirus, herpesvirus, Zika virus, and adenovirus.

Term
James Hillier, Albert Prebus, and Eli Franklin Burton
Definition
Built the first practical electron microscope prototype in the USA in 1938.
Term
James Kates
Definition
In 1970, discovered polyadenylation of mRNAs in vaccinia virus.
Term
Jeffrey Amherst
Definition
A British general who in 1763 suggested germ warfare by distributing smallpox-contaminated blankets to the Native American allies of the French. Wrote a letter to Colonel Henry Bouquet discussing it.
Term
Jesse Lazear
Definition

1866 - 1900

Worked on mosquito transmission of malaria. Worked on rearing and infecting mosquitoes. Worked with Walter Reed in yellow fever research, and was interested in testing Dr. Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission. Could not satisfy Koch's postulates using the suspected bacteria, Bacillus icteroides. Began experiments using infected mosquitoes, allowing them to infect volunteers at different days post infection. Only mosquitoes which had been infected for 12 days or more could transmit the disease. He died from yellow fever himself at age 34.

Term
John Enders
Definition
Grew poliovirus in African green monkey kidney cells. Won a Nobel Prize in 1954.
Term
Justin Trudeau
Definition
Raised money for HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis research, to find new drugs and treatments.
Term
KDEL
Definition
A signal which retains proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Term
Kilbase (kb)
Definition
1000 base pairs. About the size of one gene.
Term
L.K. Miller
Definition
In 1994, discovered the first inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) in P38 baculoviruses.
Term
lamB
Definition
The bacterial binding protein for maltose, and important energy source. The receptor for lambda phage. Bacteria which lack this receptor are resistant to lamba phage.
Term
Lambda phage
Definition
The first virus discovered to attack bacteria. Its receptor is lamB. Causes lysis of bacterial cells.
Term
Late protein
Definition
Proteins produced late in a viral infection. Proteins for virus structure and release, produced in greater amounts than early proteins.
Term
Latent phase
Definition
The third phase of bacteriophage replication. The period prior to extracellular virus release.
Term
Latin
Definition
A nomenclature system for viruses. Viruses are named with Latin words. Example: baculovirus (stick).
Term
Left-handed helix
Definition
No screws for carpentry have a left-handed helix, but if they did, if you turned it clockwise, the screw would come out of the wood.
Term
Ligase
Definition
A component for DNA replication. Puts together Okazaki fragments.
Term
Limiting dilutions
Definition
Can be used to clone a virus for a pure culture. A solution containing a virus is diluted until there is one virion.
Term
Lipid
Definition
A type of molecule. Amphipathic with polar and apolar regions. Forms the envelope of enveloped viruses. Naked viruses have no lipids in their virion.
Term
Lipid bilayer
Definition
A macromolecule of lipid proteins. Has hydrophobic interactions.
Term
Listeria monocytogenes
Definition
A disease that contaminates deli meats, cheese, and mushrooms.
Term
LISTEX
Definition
A bacteriophage product that is effective against Listeria monocytogenes.
Term
Lytic infection
Definition
After uncoating, the virus multiplies and lysis occurs, releasing new viruses. Viruses produced infect adjacent cells, and move through tissues.
Term
Malaria
Definition
A virus transmitted by mosquitoes.
Term
Marcus Terentius Varro
Definition
A Roman scholar/philosopher from 100BC. The first microbiologist/epidemiologist/virologist. Suggested that people avoid swamps, which he said bred minute creatures, which could not be seen but which floated in the air, and entered via the mouth and nose to cause diseases. Actually it was mosquitoes breeding in swamps that were spreading disease.
Term
Martinus Beijerinck
Definition
A Dutch scientist who in 1898 carried on Dmitri Ivanovsky's observations, and saw that the filterable agent causing tobacco mosaic virus could not be seen by the highest resolution available at the time, that it spread systemically throughout the plant, it could not be grown in plant sap in a test tube, and it could be continuously passed from infected plants to healthy plants. It had biological properties in terms of its replication. Could not satisfy the Henle/Koch's postulates. He called it Contagium vivum fluidum: "living contagious fluid".
Term
Mary and Hugh Maitland
Definition
In 1911, used medium for growing tissue cultures. Used Tyrode's solution, blood serum, and minced tissue. Grew vaccinia virus in chicken kidney cells. Had problems with contamination; competition between virus and bacterial or fungal contaminations.
Term
Matrix
Definition
The layer between the nucleocapsid and envelope. Includes tegument.
Term
Matrix protein VP40
Definition
An open reading frame in the Ebola virus genome. Encodes viral protein 40 kDa, the third most numerous polypeptide. A major matrix protein between the nucleocapsid and envelope. Assists in budding of the nucleocapsid from cells.
Term
Maturation
Definition
The seventh sequelae of virus replication. There is modification of the virus into its infectious form. Most viruses mature right away, but some need time, including picornavirus and poliovirus; they do not cleave their proteins completely in the cell.
Term
Maturation phase (bacteriophage)
Definition
The second phase of bacteriophage replication. A few new viruses are assembled inside the cell.
Term
Measles
Definition
A childhood illness that is preventable with the MMR vaccine. Infection starts with a fever, runny nose, and cough. As symptoms fade, full-body rash appears. Most children recover in two weeks, but some can develop pneumonia or other problems. Cause by viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae. Outbreaks have been reported among unvaccinated children, and there was an oubreak recently in Ottawa. Virion is enveloped, with helical symmetry. No longer endemic to the Americas, due to vaccines. An RNA virus.
Term
Measlevirus
Definition
A genus of RNA viruses.
Term
Megavirus
Definition
A genus of viruses discovered in 2011. Isometric shape, 440 nm in diameter. Affects acanthamoeba hosts. Genome is 1,250 kb with 1,120 genes.
Term
Megavirus salinus
Definition
A dsDNA virus with 2,472.9 kb, with 2,541 open reading frames. Affects amoeba hosts.
Term
Membrane protein (M)
Definition
A component of the Zika virus virion.
Term
Mimiviridae
Definition
A family of isometric viruses.
Term
Mimivirus
Definition
A genus of dsDNA viruses. Asymmetrical shape. 400 nm in diameter, with 100 nm filaments. Affects amoeba hosts. Genome is 1,181.4 kb, with 911 open reading frames.
Term
Minor matrix protein VP24
Definition
An open reading frame in the Ebola virus genome. Encodes viral protein 24 kDa, the second least numerous polypeptide.
Term
Mitovirus 6-Ld
Definition
A positive sense ssRNA virus in the family Narnaviridae. Genome is 2.3 kb. Affects mitochondria.
Term
MMR vaccine
Definition

Mumps, Measles, Rubella vaccine

Prevents mumps, measles, and rubella. It is usually given to children at the age of 12 months.

Term
Mode of replication
Definition
A criterion for demarcation of viruses into genera and families.
Term
Mononegavirales
Definition
An order of viruses with a single, negative-sense RNA genome. Includes Ebola virus.
Term
Morphology
Definition
A criterion for demarcation of viruses into genera and families. The shape and size of virion, and if it has an envelope. Visualized with electron microscopy and negative staining.
Term
Mouth
Definition

Oral

A portal of entry. Human herpes virus 1 and enterovirus D-68 can infect through this point.

Term
mRNA
Definition
A component for translation. Used as a template.
Term
Mumps
Definition
A childhood illness that was common before the MMR vaccine was developed. Often causes no symptoms, but when it does it causes swollen glands between the jaw, creating the appearance of "chipmunk cheeks". Caused by viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae. Despite high vaccination rates, recent outbreaks have infected thousands of people in the USA.
Term
Murine hepatitis JHM
Definition
An RNA virus in the family Coronaviridae. Has a complete genome, 31.4 kb.
Term
Myoviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes T4 phage.
Term
Naked virus
Definition
A virus which lacks an envelope. The capsid attaches to cell receptors, dictating host specificity. The nucleocapsid is rigid or flexible. Incldues poliovirus.
Term
Nanoviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Incldues coconut virus.
Term
Narnaviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes mitovirus 6-Ld.
Term
Nature of protein
Definition
A criterion for demarcation of viruses into genera and families. The size of proteins and enzymes.
Term
Negative sense RNA (-RNA)
Definition

Anti-sense-like

Written 3' to 5'. The genome is complementary to mRNA, and cannot be translated. All negative sense viruses encode for a polymerase for RNA. The -RNA is transcribed into mRNA. The -RNA is transcribed into +RNA, then into -RNA for genome replication.

Term
Negative staining
Definition
Adding stain to areas between objects you want to see. The canyon between hexons of a virus might be stained.
Term
Negri bodies
Definition
Inclusion bodies of rabies virus.
Term
Neuraminidase (NA)
Definition
A surface protein of influenza virus. Tetrameric. Has 9 subtypes.
Term
Nodavirus
Definition
A genus of positive sense RNA viruses.
Term
Nomenclature
Definition
Assignment of names. Includes binomial nomenclature, and naming a virus by a host or a disease.
Term
Non-segmented ssRNA
Definition
An ssRNA virus with the RNA in one piece.
Term
Non-structural protein
Definition
Intracellular viral proteins that help the virus replicate.
Term
Non-structural protein (NS 1 - 5)
Definition
Components of the Zika virus virion.
Term
NS3 protease
Definition
A peptide that cleaves the Zika virus polyprotein. It frees up the NS3 protein. This protein is carried in the virion.
Term
Nuclear export signal (NES)
Definition
Tags which localize proteins out of the nucleus. Discovered by U. Fisher et al in 1995. Rich in leucine. Some virus proteins have an NES.
Term
Nuclear localization signal (NLS)
Definition
Tags which localize proteins to the nucleus. Discovered by A.E. Smith in 1984. In SV40 the NLS tag is PKKKRKV. Many virus proteins have an NLS, including T antigen.
Term
Nucleic acid
Definition
A macromolecule made of dNTP (DNA) or rNTP (RNA) polymers bound by phosphodiester bonds. A component of a virion, forming the genome.
Term
Nucleocapsid
Definition
A component of a virion. A protein and nucleic acid structure. Includes the core and capsid.
Term
Nucleoprotein (NP)
Definition
An open reading frame in the Ebola virus genome. Encodes a major protein coating the RNA genome. It is the most-produced protein of Ebola virus; more of it is needed than any other component.
Term
Occlusion body
Definition
Nucleocapsids assembled in a virioplasm. Consists of viral RNA and proteins. Can be seen with microscopy.
Term
Oncolytics
Definition
Some viruses can be used to kill cancer cells, or a gene can be introduced to cure a genetic disease.
Term
Open reading frame (ORF)
Definition
A component for translation. Must have an AUG codon.
Term
Open structure
Definition
Structure depends on the length of nucleic acid. If you add more nucleic acid, it gets larger. Helical viruses have open structure.
Term
Order
Definition
A taxonomic level. Not all viruses have an order. There are 7 orders of viruses.
Term
Orthomyxoviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes influenza virus.
Term
Orthomyxovirus
Definition
A genus of negative sense RNA viruses with a linear, segmented genome.
Term
Outbreak
Definition
A movie based on the Ebola virus.
Term
P53
Definition
An important protein in humans that prevents tumour growth, and is needed for normal replication. It recognizes when cells are replicating uncontrollably, and induces apoptosis. It is an enhancer of gene transcription. T-antigen interferes with P53.
Term
Palisade layer
Definition
A fence-like layer that surrounds the core of a nucleocapsid.
Term
Panama Canal
Definition
During its construction, mosquitoes had to be controlled to prevent illness and deaths from yellow fever and malaria.
Term
Pandoravirus
Definition
A genus of viruses discovered in ice in 2003, and discovered to be a virus in 2013. Shaped like a Greek jar, 1 μm in size. Affects amoeba hosts. Genome has approximately 2,500 genes.
Term
Papillomavirus
Definition
A genus of dsDNA viruses. Causes cancer.
Term
Papovaviridae
Definition
A family of isometric viruses. 18 - 26 nm in size. Includes human papillomavirus type 52.
Term
Parainfluenzavirus
Definition
A genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae. Causes croup.
Term
Paramyxoviridae
Definition
A family of viurses. Includes parainfluenzavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and viruses which cause measles and mumps.
Term
Paramyxovirus
Definition
A genus of negative sense RNA viruses with a linear, non-segmented genome.
Term
Parvoviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes human paravirus B19.
Term
Parvovirus
Definition

"Small"

A genus of ssDNA viruses with a linear genome. 22 nm in diameter. Affects mammal and insect hosts. Isometric, consisting of 22 pentons. There are no hexons. Only the penton protein gene is required. A small virus.

Term
Pathogenicity
Definition

Pathology

A criterion for demarcation of viruses into species. What diseases the virus causes. Includes encephalitis, hepatits.

Term
Penetration
Definition
The second sequelae of animal virus infection and virus replication. Common to all viruses. The virus penetrates into the cell. There is fusion or receptor-mediated endocytosis. With naked viruses, there may be direct penetration through the cell membrane (poliovirus, SV40).
Term
Penton
Definition
A five-sided capsomere. Located at the 12 apices of an isometric virion. Generally consists of 5 protomers. Important, because they give curvature to the surface of the virion.
Term
Peplomer
Definition
Glycoprotein spikes on the envelope of a virion.
Term
Permissive
Definition
A cell that allows a virus to replicate inside it. Necessary for the virus to replicate.
Term
Persistent infection
Definition
After uncoating, the infected cell has a persistent infection and slow virus release. New viruses are produced and released one at a time, without killing the cell.
Term
Peyton Rouse
Definition
Discovered chicken sarcoma in 1910.
Term
Phage
Definition
An ssDNA virus in the family Inoviridae. Genome is 9.0 kb, with 9 open reading frames.
Term
Pharaoh Ramses V
Definition
Lived in Egypt in 1157 BC. His mummy has pock marks on his face and neck, which may have been caused by smallpox. A sample from the pocks proved this.
Term
Phillip Allen Sharp and Richar J. Roberts
Definition
In 1977, discovered splicing of eukaryotic mRNA in adenovirus.
Term
Phosphorylation
Definition
A post-translational protein modification. Phosphates are added to the polypeptide. Often a signal to activate or inactivate a process.
Term
Phycodnaviridae
Definition
A family of isometric viruses. 130 - 200 nm in size.
Term
Phycodnavirus
Definition
A genus of dsDNA viruses. Genome has 407.3 kb, with 472 open reading frames. Affects Emiliana huxleyi hosts. Isometric, T = 1179.
Term
Physiochemical/antigenic properties
Definition
A criterion for demarcation of viruses into species. The serotype of a virus.
Term
Picornaviridae
Definition
A family of isometric viruses. 22 - 30 nm in size. Includes hepatitis A virus, coxsackievirus A 16, and human rhinovirus 16.
Term
Picornavirus
Definition
A genus of positive sense RNA viruses with a linear, non-segmented genome.
Term
Pitch (P)
Definition

The pitch between each turn of the helix

P = μ x p

Term
Pneumonia
Definition
Caused by RSV, or complications of the flu.
Term
Plague
Definition
Caused by Yersinia pestis.
Term
Plant viruses
Definition
Research is cheap, and they are easy to grow and handle. Cause many plant diseases.
Term
Plaque
Definition
An area on a lawn of cells where a virus has infected the cells, causing a clearing of cells. Analogous to a botanical colony. Not all viruses form plaques. Bacterial or animal cells may be used.
Term
Plaque assay
Definition
Similar to a bacterial colony on agar. Permissive cells, such as HeLa cells are diluted to a monolayer, and are often dyed.
Term
Plaque morphology
Definition
A phenotype of a virus. The size and/or appearance of a virus plaque.
Term
Plectovirus
Definition
A genus of rod-shaped or helical viruses. 14 x 71 nm in size.
Term
Pleomorphic
Definition
Changing shape.
Term
Poliovirus
Definition
A genus of viruses. The genome is 7,000 bp. A simple virus with 4 capsid proteins. Attaches to receptor pvr, and releases hydrophobic VPI arms into the plasma membrane. Has either membrane invagination into an endosome or penetrates into the plasma membrane as a free virus. The +RNA has a VPg attached to its 5' end, which is removed in the nucleus and then the +RNA is translated into mRNA. The mRNA is translated into a polyprotein which is cleaved into equal amounts of VP4, 3, 2, and 1, as well as protease RdRp, RNA polymerase, and VPg. Extra unused proteins are wasted. For genome replication, the +RNA is translated into -RNA and then into +RNA, amplifying the amount. It is released from the cell by lysis, and has a maturation phase in which VP0 cleaves into VP2 and VP4. RdRp causes translation of cellular mRNA to halt by cleaving eIF4G. It affects only certain cells of the human body. There is an effective vaccine for it.
Term
Poliovirus receptor (pvr)
Definition

CD 155

The receptor that poliovirus attaches to.

Term
Polyadenylation
Definition
Increases the life of an mNRA. The poly-A til is chewed up.
Term
Polydnavirus
Definition

"Poly-DNA"

A genus of viruses with more than one strand of DNA.

Term
Polymerase (L)
Definition
An openin reading frame in the Ebola virus genome. Encodes large protein, the least numerous polypeptide; only one is needed for the Ebola virion. All RNA viruses have an L protein. The polypeptide is cleaved into smaller pieces. A major component of RNA polymerase (RdRp).
Term
Polymerase co-factor VP35
Definition
An open reading frame in the Ebola virus genome. Encodes viral protein 35 kDa, the second most numerous polypeptide.
Term
Polyomavirus
Definition
A genus of dsDNA viruses with a circular genome. Causes liver cancer. Isometric capsid, consisting only of pentons. Pentons make up the apices as well as triangular faces, with three pentons per triangular face. Only one protomer is needed. Has a small genome, but produces T-antigen.
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
A macromolecule made of amino acid polymers bound by peptide bonds. Translated from one mRNA strand.
Term
Polyprotein
Definition
A large polypeptide produced by viruses with one reading frame. It is cleaved into smaller polypeptides to form the structural and non-structural proteins of the virus.
Term
Polysaccharide
Definition
A macromolecule made of sugar polymers bound by glycosidic bonds. A carbohydrate.
Term
Portals of entry
Definition
Points in the human body through which a virus can infect. Includes mouth, respiratory tract, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, anus, skin, capillary, arthropod, scratch or injury, and conjunctiva.
Term
Positive sense RNA (+RNA)
Definition

Sense-like

Written 5' to 3'. The ssRNA genome is in the same sense as mRNA. The +RNA is transcribed into -RNA then into mRNA; this amplifies the amount of mRNA synthesized. The +RNA is transcribed into -RNA then into +RNA for genome replication.

Term
Positive staining
Definition
Adding stain to objects you want to see
Term
Post-translational modification
Definition
Modification of viral polypeptides in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body. Can include cleavage of a polyprotein, removal of signal sequences, and protein modifications such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, acylation, and sulfation. Splicing always occurs in the nucleus.
Term
Powassan virus
Definition
An enterovirus first discovered in Powassan, Ontario.
Term
Poxviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes vaccinia and fowlpox.
Term
Poxvirus
Definition
A genus of dsDNA viruses with a linear genome with covalently closed ends. One of the larger viruses. Infects orally, but signs of the virus ar visualized on the skin surface.
Term
Primary culture
Definition
A kind of tissue culture. Comes directly from tissues. The first cells to form the tissue.
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
Cells that have no nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, or Golgi body. Coupled transcription and translation in the cytoplasm. The mRNA is polycistronic, and ribosomes are free. There is often a cell wall.
Term
Protease
Definition
Breaks up a polyprotein.
Term
Protein
Definition
A macromolecule made of one or more polypeptides. A component of a virion, including structural and non-structural proteins.
Term
Proteome
Definition
A criterion for demarcation of viruses into genera and families. Analyzed by mass spectrometry. You can test for RNA polymerase enzyme to determine if a virus is negative-sense RNA.
Term
Protomer
Definition
A polypeptide subunit of a capsomer.
Term
Pseudo virus
Definition
A polypeptide subunit of a capsomer.
Term
Quarantine and burial practices
Definition
Very important for the control of spread of disease during an outbreak.
Term
Rabbit fever
Definition
Caused by Francisella tularensis.
Term
Rabies virus
Definition
A helical virus in the family Rhabdoviridae. 45 x 180 nm in size. Transmitted by animals.
Term
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
The most common way a virus penetrates a cell. The virus is ingested by the cell into an endosome or caveosome. The endosome is acidified, causing release of the nucleocapsid or viral genome from the endosome into the cytoplasm, by various mechanisms.
Term
Release
Definition
The sixth sequelae of virus replication. Structural proteins and the viral genome self-assemble into nucleocapsids, and there is viral release by direct release by lysis, budding, or by remaining cell-associated.
Term
Renato Dulbecco et al
Definition
Worked in poliovirus plaque assays and tumour virology of Rous sarcoma virus. Won a Nobel Prize in 1975.
Term
Reoviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes rotavirus.
Term
Reovirus
Definition
A genome of dsRNA viruses with a linear, segmented genome.
Term
Replication
Definition
A nuclear molecular process. Copying of nucleic acid to form complementary strands of DNA or RNA. Uses DNA or RNA polymerase, replicase.
Term
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Definition

Bronchiolitis and pneumonia

A childhood illness that is the top cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants in the USA. Symptoms are flu-like at first; fever, runny nose, and cough. Up to 40% of children with RSV infection will develop wheezing, and up to 2% will require hospitalization. Symptoms tend to be milder in older children and in adults. Caused by a virus in the family Paramyxoviridae.

Term
Respiratory tract
Definition
A portal of entry. The virus is breathed into the body. Influenza virus and rhinovirus can infect through this point.
Term
Restriction and modification
Definition
A system of bacterial host resistance to foreign DNA. Foreign DNA is recognized by its complementariness and it is prevented from replicated.
Term
Retroviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes HIV.
Term
Retrovirus
Definition
A genus of positive sense RNA retroviruses with a linear, diploid genome. A complex virus, cone shaped, 80 nm in diameter. The +RNA is transcribed into -ssDNA in the cytoplasm, then transcribed into dsDNA which enters the nucleus and is transcribed into mRNA. The +RNA is transcribed into dsDNA then into +RNA for genome replication. The only viruses with a diploid genome; there are two copies of +RNA in the virion.
Term
Rhabdoviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Incldues rabies virus.
Term
Rhabdovirus
Definition
A genus of negative sense RNA viruses with a linear, non-segmented genome.
Term
Rhinovirus
Definition

"Nose"

A genus of viruses. Causes the common cold.

Term
Ribosome
Definition
Similar in size to a virus. Viruses do not code for ribosomes, and must use host ribosomes. A component for translation. Large and small components are both needed.
Term
Richard Montgomery
Definition
Commanded George Washington's American army in the American Revolutionary war with Benedict Arnold. This army outnumbered the British army, but still lost.
Term
Rideau Canal
Definition
An icosahedron-shaped structure was partially submerged in the ice.
Term
Right-handed helix
Definition
All screws for carpentry are right-handed. If you turn it clockwise, the screw will go into the wood.
Term
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)
Definition
A viral protein needed by RNA viruses for transcription of mRNA. Some viruses carry an RNA polymerase in their virion. Large protein (L) is a major component. It "stutters" as it transcribes; goes back and forth over stretches of adenine, coming off or staying on at certain points. In poliovirus it acts as a protease, cleaving the polyprotein into its parts, as well as cleaving and inactivating eIF4G, halting translation of cellular mRNA.
Term
RNA virus
Definition
Includes ssRNA and dsRNA. There is a limit to the size of the genome; 30.0 kb is about the maximum. Most have filamentous morphology due to shearing forces. Need RdRP to trasncribe mRNA.
Term
RNase H
Definition
A component for DNA replication. Makes RNA primers.
Term
rNTP
Definition
A type of molecule. Includes A, G, U, and C. Components of RNA.
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
Developed germ theory in 1874. Developed staining and microscopy to visualize microorganisms in diseased animals. Discovered anthrax endospores. Helped propose the Henle/Koch's postulates.
Term
Rotavirus
Definition
A genus of viruses in the family Reoviridae. Causes severe diarrhea.
Term
Rubella
Definition

German measles

A mild virus that usually causes no serious probelms, and is preventable with the MMR vaccine. Can harm the fetus if a pregnant women becomes infected. Symptoms are a low fever and rash that spreads from the face to the rest of the body. Caused by a virus in the family Togaviridae.

Term
SARS
Definition
A virus. Genome is 29.8 kb. It was first sequenced by scientists from University of British Columbia. There was an outbreak in Canada.
Term
Satellite
Definition
Has a subviral genome.
Term
Scratch or injury
Definition
Penetration of the skin to underlying tissues and circulatory system. A portal of entry. The route of cutaneous vaccination, including for smallpox. Rabies virus, Ebola virus, and HIV can infect through this point.
Term
Segmented ssRNA
Definition
An RNA virus with the RNA in more than one piece. Each piece encodes about one gene.
Term
Sequelae of animal virus infection
Definition
Events that occur during an animal virus infection. Attachment, penetration, and uncoating, followed by either lytic infection, persistent infection, cell transformation, or virus latency.
Term
Serotype
Definition
A group of viruses which react to the same antibodies.
Term
Severe diarrhea
Definition
A childhood illness that was the top cause of diarrhea-related deaths in young children until introduction of an effective vaccine. Symptoms are vomitting and watery diarrhea, which can dehydrate infants quickly. Children may recover in 24 hours. Caused by rotavirus. Often it can spread on ships due to uncooked seafood, and packed quarters. There are two rotavirus vaccines for infants.
Term
Secreted glycoprotein (sGP)
Definition
An open reading frame in the Ebola virus genome. Encodes a major secreted glycoprotein, the fourth least numerous polypeptide. May reduce the effectiveness of the immune system.
Term
Shingles
Definition
A disease caused by varicella zoster virus in older hosts. Symptoms include painful, itchy rash on the torso.
Term
Sialic acid
Definition

Neuraminic acid

Influenza virus attaches to the receptor for sialic acid.

Term
Sigla
Definition
A nomenclature system for viruses. Viruses are named using acronyms. Example: picornavirus (pico-RNA-virus).
Term
Signal peptidase
Definition
A peptide that cleaves the Zika polyprotein.
Term
Signal sequence
Definition
Localizes a protein to where it needs to be in the cell.
Term
Simeon Ecuyer
Definition
A British captain who distributed two blankets and some handkerchiefs inoculated with smallpox as gifts to Native Americans.
Term
Simian virus 40 (SV40)
Definition
A virus that uses the host's DNA polymerase, which is not produced by the cell unless it is replicating. The virus produces a protein that causes the cell to proliferate and produce DNA polymerase. Used as a model because it is large, simple, and easy to replicate. It produces a lot of mRNA, so it is easy to detect and isolate its mRNA. While studying it, scientists discovered 5' capping, poly-A tails, and nuclear locator signals. It can be used to make vaccines. It has only one capsid protein, a penton. The viral DNA is wrapped in histones so that it resembles cellular DNA. It steals cellular histones as part of its virion structure.
Term
Simple viruses
Definition
Viruses with fewer genes
Term
Single stranded DNA (+ssDNA)
Definition
A type of DNA virus. Has relatively simple structure. Limited on how large the genome can be. The +DNA is transcribed into dsDNA then into mRNA. The +DNA is transcribed into +DNA for genome replication.
Term
Single stranded RNA (ssRNA)
Definition
A type of RNA virus. Can be positive or negative sense, and non-segmented or segmented.
Term
Skin
Definition
A portal of entry. The skin must be broken to cause infection. Poxvirus can infect through this point.
Term
Spanish flu
Definition

French flu

A disease that caused the Great flu pandemic, and changed the fate of WWI. It affects young people, such as those who were involved in the war.

Term
Sparta
Definition
During the Trojan wars, Achilles fought on this side.
Term
Species
Definition

" _ virus"

A taxonomic level. There are 2827 species of virus.

Term
Spruce budworm baculovirus
Definition
Can be used for biological control of pests. There was an outbreak in Canada.
Term
Strawberry virus
Definition
A virus that affects strawberries, transmitted by aphids. In 2013 there was an outbreak in Nova Scotia.
Term
Structural protein
Definition
Proteins that form the virion.
Term
Study groups
Definition
Local groups which can make recommendations to the ICTV.
Term
Subfamily
Definition
A taxonomic level. Not all viruses have a subfamily. There are 22 subfamilies of viruses.
Term
Subunits per turn (μ)
Definition

The number of subunits per turn of the helix.

P = μ x p

Term
Subviral entity
Definition
Similar to a virus, but not a virus. Has no other taxonomic home. Doesn't replicate the same way virsuses do. Includes satellites, viroids, virusoids, and prions.
Term
Subviral genomes
Definition

Non-viral genomes

Always ssRNA and circular. Includes virioides, satellites, and delta agents.

Term
Sugar
Definition
A type of molecule. Carbohydrates consisting of C, H, and O.
Term
Sulfation
Definition
A post-translational protein modification. Addition of sulfates to the polypeptide. Changes the character of a protein.
Term
Surveillance
Definition
Important for efforts to eradicate certain diseases from the world.
Term
Susceptible
Definition
A cell which has a receptor for the virus, and may become infected. Necessary for the virus to replicate.
Term
Systematics
Definition
The study of biological relationships and evolutionary history.
Term
T-antigen
Definition

Tumour antigen

Produced by polyomavirus. Prevents cancer protection mechanisms of the cell, causing unregulated cell growth and tumour genesis. It has a nuclear locator signal, and binds to and interferes with P53. Cells have many antigens and immune responses to T-antigen.

Term
T4 bacteriophage
Definition
A complex dsDNA virus in the family Myxoviridae. The head is 110 x 80 nm. The tail is 15 x 110 nm. The tail attaches to the bacteria surface. Genome is linear and circularly permuted.
Term
Taconomy
Definition
Science of classifications that make biological sense. Includes ICTV rules for classifying viruses. All taxonomic names are in italics.
Term
Tegument
Definition
Matrix of a herpesvirus. Important for the replication cycle.
Term
Tobacco mosaic disease (TMD)
Definition
A disease caused by tobacco mosaic virus. There are white necrotic lesions on the leaf surface of a tobacco plant.
Term
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Definition
An RNA virus that causes tobacco mosaic disease. The first virus to be discovered, and much of the initial research into viruses was using this virus. Helical shape, 18 nm in diameter, 300 nm long. Contains 2130 protein units, and 6390 ribonucleic units. Pitch is 2.28 nm. Each protein subunit attaches to three nucleotides. Has a rigid nucleocapsid. The virion is weak and brittle, and can be broken easily.
Term
Togaviridae
Definition
A family of viruses. Includes rubella.
Term
Togavirus
Definition
A genus of positive sense RNA viruses.
Term
Topoisomerase
Definition
A component for DNA replication.
Term
Transcription
Definition
A nuclear molecular process. A component of biosynthesis. The basis of Baltimore Classification. Copying of a nucleuc acid template (DNA or RNA) to make primary mRNA. Uses RNA polymerase, transcriptase. Viral mRNA synthesis mechanisms depend on the nature of the genome template.
Term
Transcription factor VP30
Definition
An open reading frame in the Ebola virus genome. Encodes viral protein 30 kDa, the third least numerous polypeptide.
Term
Transformation
Definition
After uncoating, there is integration of the viral DNA into the cell genome, causing transformation into tumour cells. The gene may be inserted in the genome near a cancer-causing gene. Retroviruses can do this.
Term
Translation
Definition
A cytoplasmic molecular process. A component of biosynthesis. Copying of codon triplets of mRNA, beginning with the AUG codon, to make a polypeptide. The cell's cytoplasmic ribosomes, as well as other components, are needed for translation. The ribosomes starts at the 5' end of the mRNA, and amino acids are added to the C terminus of the nascent polypeptide.
Term
Transmission
Definition
A criterion for demarcation of viruses into species. How the virus is transmitted. Includes coughing, mosquitoes, and ticks.
Term
Triangulation number (T)
Definition

Used to calculate the number of capsomeres or protomers of an isometric virus nucleocapsid. Generally, the larger the T value, the larger the virus, but this depends on the size of capsomeres.

Number of capsomers = 10T + 2

Number of protomers = 60T

Term
tRNA
Definition
A component for translation.
Term
Tropism
Definition
Virus specificity to certain cell types, such as lung cells. Necessary for the virus to replicate.
Term
Troy
Definition
During the Trojan wars, Hector fought on this side.
Term
Tyrode's solution
Definition
A mixture of salts used for tissue cultures.
Term
U. Fisher et al
Definition
In 1995, discovered nuclear export signals.
Term
Uncoating
Definition
The third sequelae of animal virus infection and virus replication. Common to all viruses. The virus uncoats, freeing the viral genome. Occurs in the cellular compartment where it needs to be uncoated.
Term
Urogenital tract
Definition

Penile, vaginal (including childbirth), and urinary

A portal of entry. Human herpesvirus, HIV, and HPV can infect through this point.

Term
V.B. Reddy
Definition
In 1978, fully sequenced SV40 dsDNA genome, the first "mammalian" genome, which has 5,224 nucleotides.
Term
Vaccinia virus
Definition
A complex RNA virus in the family Poxviridae. 200 x 200 x 250 nm in size. Has complex symmetry. Has a lateral body with an outer envelope, enclosing a nucleoid. Has its own enzymes for adding a 5' cap to its mRNA in the cytoplasm.
Term
Varicella zoster virus
Definition

Chickenpox virus

A virus in the family Herpesviridae. Causes chicken pox and shingles in older hosts. A vaccine was recently developed for it, which is free.

Term
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
Definition
A virus used as a base for the VSV-EBOV vaccine. In the same family as rabies virus.
Term
Viral conjunctivitis
Definition

Pink eye

Caused by adenovirus in the family Adenoviridae or by herpesvirus in the family Herpesviridae. A childhood virus which causes tearing, redness, itching, and crusty eyelashes. Caused by the same virus as the common cold. Often spreads in schools and day care centres. Most children recover in four to seven days.

Term
Viral genes
Definition
A criterion for demarcation of viruses into species. The genomes and proteomes of a virus.
Term
Viral genome
Definition
Has limited coding capacity, so many copies of the same protein may be used for the capsid.
Term
Viral protein 0 (VP0)
Definition
A viral protein of poliovirus which is equivalent to VP2 and VP4 still not cleaved from each other. The virus is not infectious until VP0 is cleaved into VP2 and VP4; this occurs in a maturation phase.
Term
Viral protein 4 (VP4)
Definition
A viral protein of poliovirus. An internal structure protein. It is initially part of VP0.
Term
Viral protein genome linked (VPg)
Definition
Attached to the 5' end of poliovirus +RNA, acting as a primer for translation, binding to the ribosome in several places. It falls off the mRNA during translation. It is cleaved off of in the nucleus for genome replication. It is uridylated, making a poly-U tail.
Term
Viral proteinase (pr)
Definition
A component of the Zika virus virion.
Term
Virion
Definition
A complete mature infectious virus particle. The physical virus particle, which can be seen. Often symmetrical shape. Consists of the nucleocapsid and envelope. Made up of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Term
Viroid
Definition
Has a subviral genome.
Term
Virus
Definition
Obligate intracellular parasite. Cause many infectious diseases, which may have influenced history. They can help to unravel molecular and cellular structures/processes, and can be harnessed for biotechnology. They may be considered living things, but this is debated. Their bodies are more numerous than any organism, and they are too small to be visualized in a light microscope. Can be serially passaged despite dilution. The components of a virus can crystallize spontaneously to form the virus. Small, soluble particles, less complex than bacteria or fungi, but more complex than a molecule. Contain DNA or RNA covered by a protein shell, and may have an envelope. They cannot be grown on a non-living surface; must have living cells in which to replicate and form a plaque. Host cells are used for energy metabolism, protein synthesis, membrane biogenesis, and cellular scaffolding, a virus replicates by synthesis of viral macromolecules and self-assembly. They are filterable infectious agents; can be separated from larger microbes such as bacteria and fungi. Originally they were not known, and could not be isolated or detected.
Term
Virus isolate
Definition

Virus strain, type, serotype, subtype, variant, or genotype

Naming of different viruses. No taxonomic significance to the ICTV.

Term
Virus latency
Definition
After uncoating, the virus goes into a dormant state, and stimulus such as a hormone activates it to undergo lytic cycle.
Term
Virus name
Definition
Not written in italics. The real thing, which you can put in a test tube and study. Has no taxonomic significance; not bound by rules.
Term
Virus replication cycle
Definition

Attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, assembly, release, and maturation.

mnemonic: APUBARM

Term
Virus species
Definition
Written in italics. The basic unit of virus taxonomy. A man-made abstract concept for organizing virus for purposes of communication and classification.
Term
VPg uridylation
Definition

Addition of uridines to the VPg of poliovirus. Creates a poly-U tail which can be transcribed to create a poly-A tail.

VPg + U → VPgU

Term
VSV-EBOV vaccine
Definition
A vaccine against Ebola which uses vesicular stomatitis virus as a base. Developed at the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg. The VSV G envelope protein is exchanged with EBOV GP envelope protein. When introduced to the body, the immune system produces Ebola GP antibodies. This vaccine was used during the Ebola outbreak in Africa.
Term
Wendell M. Stanley
Definition
In 1936, discovered that tobacco mosaic virus could be crystallized and viewed by electron microscopy. The crystals were still infectious. This is a chemical property; he thought the agent was a protein.
Term
Walter Reed
Definition

An American army surgeon who tested Carlos Finlay's theory that mosquitoes or filtered serum could transmit yellow fever, but not fomites. A "volunteer" (a soldier) died in one of his experiments in 1901. There were two buildings:

1. Closed and filled with fomites including blankets, clothes, and towels used by patients with yellow fever.

2. Lots of fresh air, with two sections: one protected by mosquito meshing, and the other exposed to mosquitoes.

Only volunteers exposed to mosquitoes developed yellow fever.

Term
Walter Reed and James Carroll
Definition
Discovered yellow fever in humans in 1901.
Term
West Nile virus
Definition
A virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes. It can become serious. Horses are a dead-end host, however mosquitoes can acquire the virus from humans.
Term
Wilhelm Ellerman and Olaf Bang
Definition
Discovered fowl avian leucosis in 1908.
Term
World Health Organization (WHO)
Definition
Attempted to control the spread of Ebola during the outbreak in 2014; administered quarantines and buried bodies in mass graves.
Term
Yellow fever (YF)
Definition
A disease caused by a Flavivirus. Discovered by Walter Reed and James Carroll in 1901. The first disease in humans discovered to be caused by a virus. There was an outbreak during the Spanish American war in Cuba and Panama in 1898, and the Spanish lost the war due to lack of immunity to the fever. It is transmitted by mosquitoes.
Term
Zika
Definition
An isometric positive sense ssRNA virus in the family Flaviviridae. Transmitted by mosquitoes. It spread from Uganda to Brazil, then to North America. The species of mosquito which spreads it lives south of Florida, and there haven't been any cases in Florida since August 2016. Greatest risk is to pregnant women; causes microcephaly in the fetus. Genome is 10,676 bp. Has one reading frame; the entire genome is translated into a polyprotein with several transmembrane domains, embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum. It is cleaved at specific sites. Components of the virion include C, pr, M, E, and NS 1 - 5. Peptides that cleave the polyprotein include signal peptidase, Golgi protease, and NS3 protease.
Term
Zoonose
Definition
A disease spread by more than one animal species, and may be transmitted to people.
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