Term
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Definition
-1776-1914
-era of revolution through imperial expansion
4 features (industrial revolution and technological progress, liberal free trade economy, imperialism, intellectual trends:marxism and liberalism) |
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Definition
-travelled to Japan seeking favored nation status for the US
-1853 |
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Definition
-large, private farms in Mexico
-helped cause revolution
-created by ley lerdo |
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Term
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Definition
-the ottoman empire
-protected by England, fear of Russia gaining control of the Black Sea
-WWI
-losing power, empire in decline (Sultan Mahmud II tries to modernize-"New Order", military aggression by egypt forced them to ask british for help and they demanded concessions which gave the british power in the empire, crimean war 1854-56, russo-turkish war 1877-78) |
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Term
| liberal free trade economy |
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Definition
-Britain
-minimal restricitons on trade (no tariffs)
-free waterways
-favors Britain
-little government intervention in economies
-height of industrialization
-economic liberalism
-between 1840 and 1870
-not followed by US
-rapid expansion of global economy |
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Term
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Definition
-US after Civil War (post 1865)
-allows for development of local industry (textiles)
-midwest farmers feed growing urban areas
-south provides cotton for textile industry
-promoted by the north |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
-individual rights
-private property
-little government intervention in economy
-belief that Europe must export these values and "civilize" the world-justifies imperialism
-european countries |
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Term
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Definition
-societies go through different stages
-capitalism only one stage of history leading to socialism
-struggle between the classes
-Karl Marx
-mid 1800s to late 1800s |
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Term
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Definition
-1846-1848
-US and Mexico
-fought in Mexico
-in the wake of the us annexation of texas
-us expansion (expansionist attitude-gain california and new mexico as well as texas
-treaty of guadalupe Hidalgo gave US their new territories |
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Term
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Definition
-free man owning his own land
US
-non-slave holding, small landholding, family farmers
-typically subsistence farmers
-19th century |
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Term
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Definition
-during era of economic growth in US
-businessmen and bankers who dominate industry
-amass huge personal fortunes
-pursue anti-competitive practices or corrupt practices-no government control or supervision
-rockefeller and carnegie |
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Term
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Definition
-Japan
-highest cast in japanese society
-the military nobility
-ruled for 600 years
-eliminated during modernization (1853) |
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Term
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Definition
-removed from power in 1868
-Japan
-conservative alliance between satsuma and chosho sough to overthrow tokugawa
-figurehead with no power
-court divided over modernization (leads to downfall) |
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Term
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Definition
-Japan in 1868
-conservative alliance between satsuma and choshu
-tokugawa overthrown in 1868, emperor reinstated
-emperor becomes figurehead |
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Term
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Definition
-being formed by the 1890s -industrial combines -formed as the result of accumulations of capital and far-flung merchant and industrial operations
-japan |
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Term
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Definition
-1894-1895
-Korea and Japan
-korea becomes region of japanese influence
-japan eventually controls 3/4 of korean economy
-sells korea cotton textiles and imports rice for growing urban centers
-japan creates railway monopoly in korea |
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Term
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Definition
-1905
-russia and japan
-ambitions over china lead to conflict
-japan is victorious (shocks europe)
-gives japan influenceover Manchuria (railway monopoly) |
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Term
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Definition
-original inhabiters of cape region (cape of good hope)
-pastoralists, domestic livestock, migratory
-conflict with boers (dutch settlers) over land
-mating with boers leads to new ethnic group (coloreds)
-1795 |
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Term
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Definition
-late 1700s
-dutch settlers of the cape
-cape of good hope
-cape extremely rich in diamonds
-easy access for travel to asia |
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Term
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Definition
-new ethnic group between boers and khoikhoi
-late 1700s
-cape of good hope |
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Term
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Definition
-colonized originally by dutch and then british -
-late 1700s
-rich in diamonds
-ideal location for trade with asia |
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Term
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Definition
-african tribe northeast of cape colony
-conflict with boers and british (the frontier wars)
-wish to expand to avoid fate of khoikhoi
-1816 Shaka united competitive tribes (Nguni, Xhosa, and Sotho) to become huge powerful empire |
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Term
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Definition
-Zulu go to war with Nguni
-push Nguni into lands of Xhosa (border boer lands-creates new pressures on land and water)
-creates tension between boers and xhosa-leads to new series of frontier wars
8 in total from 1779-1852 |
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Term
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Definition
-during the frontier wars
-boers feel abandoned by british who refuse to help them
-british laws abolishing slavery and discrimination against khoikhoir further aggravate boers
-leads to mass migration of boers further inland
-1840s to 1850s
-2 groups: Voortrekkers (totally opposed to british rule) and Trekboers (accept british rule) |
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Term
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Definition
1850s boers move further inland to escape british rule
-1852-1854
-established by the voortrekkers |
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Term
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Definition
1852-1854
-boers move further inland to escape british rule
-established by the Trekboers |
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Term
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Definition
1879
-british and zulu
-secure mineral deposits |
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Term
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Definition
-1899-1902
-boers get initial victories
-british come to outnumber boers 5 to 1
-british victory
-guerilla warfare
-total war (british use concentration camps)
-modern military technology
-trench warfare
-british attempt to unite boer republics with Natal and cape colonies into confederation |
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Term
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Definition
-an empire in decline
-ruled china from 1644-1912
-china
-originated in the north
-in decline by 19th century
-corruption among the scholar gentry (especially in exam system)
-breakdown in infrastructure (dams, canals, irrigation) |
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Term
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Definition
1839 to 1842 and 1856-1858
-china and british
-fought in china
-india produced opium, chinese addicted to opium (causing problems), opium banned in china-war with british because they are losing money
-use of modern technology gave britain the victory |
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Term
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Definition
-1838-1839
-china
-placed by emperor in charge of stopping opium trade
-shut down british warehouses in Canton
-arrested british workers
-destroyed opium
-britain starts war to protect opium trade |
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Term
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Definition
-1842
-china
-"unequal treaty" among asian countries
-forced chinese to open 5 ports and ceded hong kong as permanent british trading base (opium outlawed there)
-gave british control over chinese tariffs
-china paid for destroyed opium |
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Term
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Definition
-1850-1866
-greatest peasant revolt in the 19th century
-land redistribution and communal control of land
-liberation of women
-simplify language
-emphasis on individual
-left 20 million dead
-taiping controlled half of the empire
-located in china |
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Term
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Definition
-1899-1900
-originated in the north
-see foreigners as root of china's problems
-supported by empress dowager cixi in hope that they will drive out the europeans
-attempt to expel foreigners from beijing
-8 nation alliance defeats the boxers and occupies beijing
-want to keep from modernizing/westernizing |
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Term
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Definition
-reform program in china
-1898
-modernize education and exam system
-promote capitalist economy and industrialization
-constitutional monarchy
-freedom of press |
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Term
| liberal oligarch regimes (LORs) |
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Definition
-reject using government policies to promote industry
-no restrictions of foreign investment
-adopt liberal free trade with little or no restrictions on imported or manufactured goods |
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Term
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Definition
-1830-1843
-founded after the independence of mexico
-closed by Santa Anna
-provide loans for industry |
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Term
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Definition
-mexico
-1876-1911
-economy based on export of minerals and raw materials
-leads to growth of small middle class
-fosters political stability after 50 years of civil war |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-mexico, 1855
-abolishes communal landholding (church and indians)
-only upper and middle class can afford land
-concentration of land in a few hands (haciendas)
-creates a huge pool of cheap labor to work on large landholdings and mining sector
-fail to created large middle class family farmers |
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Term
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Definition
-rural people
-live under state
-autonomy over production-get to determine what they produce and how they produce it
-subsistence farming (they don't produce for market) |
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Term
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Definition
-ruler of ottoman empire
-implements reforms to modernize (the new order) |
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Term
| "new order"/tanzimat reforms |
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Definition
-1830s to 1870s
-modernize military
-end corruption
-economic and political equality for muslims and non-muslims
-guilds eliminated
-modernize economy and banking |
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Term
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Definition
-1854-1856
-russia hoped to dismantle ottoman empire
-uses pretext of protecting holy land pilgrims
-russia wants access to black sea
-britain and france go to war to protect ottoman empire and asian colonies
-british achieve marginal victory (russia not allowed to have navy in black sea) |
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Term
| committee of progress and union (CPU) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1894
-economic and political modernization
-secular constitutional liberalism
-avoid dismemberment of the empire
-1908, stage coup and establish a constitutional monarchy
-freedom of press and speech
-education reform (high literacy rate)
-women gain more freedoms
-banned unions and workers assemblies
-freedom of press and women's right met by protest
-highly centralized government |
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Term
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Definition
-ottomans and germany
-connect berlin with baghdad (then ottoman city)
-began in 1903
-germans wanted to establish a port
-germans wanted to spread their influence |
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Term
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Definition
1914-1918
-europe
-germany, austria-hungary vs, england, france, russia, us
-england, france, us victorious
-blame falls on germany
-started with the murder of the archbishop franz ferdinand by a serbian nationalist
-trench warfare
-germany fights a 2 front war |
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Term
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Definition
-russia surrenders in 1917
-loses a large chunk of land to germany
-all german power now focused on the western front ( US arrives and helps defeat the germans)
-russia surrenders because of own revolution |
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Term
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Definition
4 major considerations
-avoid communist revolutions (russia)
-need to control germany (had almost defeated all other powers single-handedly)
-redraw and re-divide map after collapse of austria-hungary, ottoman, and russian empires
-make another world war impossible
-england, france, us in 1919 |
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Term
| 1929/1930 worldwide economic crisis |
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Definition
-starts with wall street crash in 1929
-effects most of the globe (reveals interconnected flow of goods, capital, and labor)
-international lending drops 90%
-germany is the most severely affected
-countries that only produce for export also severely affected
-massive unemployment worldwide
-most countries apply tariffs which worsens the situation
-decrease in world trade
-failure of liberal economic and political solutions pushes many toward radical ideologies
-creates political upheaval worldwide |
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Term
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Definition
-the state directs the economy
-the new deal in the us
-germany, turkey, and japan use state/corporate alliance
-mexico blended communism and fascism
-soviet union was unaffected and prospered |
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Term
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Definition
-1939-1945
-US, england, russia vs. germany, italy
-hitler |
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Term
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Definition
-civilian population is the target
-aircraft bombing
-WWII
-europe
-1939-1945 |
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Term
| military-industrial complex |
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Definition
economies become intertwined with production of military and industrialization (US and Soviet Union)
-WWII |
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Term
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Definition
1917
-russia
-two main groups fighting for power: bolsheviks and liberal democrats
-bolsheviks vs foreign troops, tsarist loyalists, and liberal democrats (bolsheviks win) -lenin "peace, land, and bread"
-bolsheviks seize power and sue germany for peace |
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Term
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Definition
-1920 to 1991
-russia
-lenin first in power then stalin |
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Term
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Definition
-gradual approach to communism
-agricultural production allows for industrialization
-lenin
-USSR
-early 1920s |
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Term
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Definition
-1928-1941
-USSR
-Lenin
-forced collectivization of farms
-rapid industrialization: coal, electric power, oil, iron, and steel
-coercive techniques both subtle and harsh |
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Term
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Definition
1916 to 1928
-irrational
-anti-scientific
-europe |
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Term
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Definition
germany and italy
-extreme nationalism
-anti-liberal and anti-communist
-militaristic
-mobilize popular classes
-want people to identify with corporate group not social class
-between the wars |
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