i. Demand for gold and spices

ii. Diffusion of Christianity

iii. Innovations in Navigation

iv. Prince Henry the Navigator

v. Competition among nations

-Met on and off from 1545-1563

-Refused to compromise with the Protestants

-Faith AND works

-Church teachings AND Bible

-Mandatory seminary education

-Bishops must regularly visit diocese

-Index of Prohibited Books: No Protestant works and no Bibles in the vernacular

-Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540

-Officially known as the Society of Jesus

-'Shock troops' of the Catholic reformation

-Priests that pledged loyalty to the pope

-Nonviolent, marshal

-Between 1524 and 1648

-Usually between Catholics and Protestants

-Many of the wars are about more than religion

-French Wars of Religion (1562-98)

-Spain v. England (1588)

-The 30 Years War (1618-48)

-Mary I and Phillip II

-Elizabeth I

-Problems between Spain and England: Religion, Supporting the Dutch, English pirates, and Philip II's claim to the English throne

-1588: "God blew and they were scattered"

-1562 to 1589

-Huguenots: French Calvinists

-Henry VI (the first Bourbon): "Paris is well worth a mass."

-Edict of Nantes (1598)

-Rebuilding France: "A chicken in every pot"

-1610: Louis XIII inherits the throne

-1624: Louis XIII appoints Cardinal Richelieu to be his chief minister

-1618 to 1648

-Began in May 1618 with the Defenestraion of Prague

-Ferdinand, a Catholic who became the Holy Roman Emperor, tried to suppress the Protestant revolt.

-More than just a religious conflict - Cardinal Richelieu and the case of France

-The war was brutal and devastated Germany - up to 1/3 of all Germans died as a result of the war

-Peace in Westphalia: had to accept the church schism

-New religious denomenations: Lutherans, Calvinists (Puritans and Presbyterians); later Baptsits, Methodists, etc.

-Catholic Church became stronger

-Crusades introduced Europe to luxury goods from Asia

-Contact with Mongol Empire (1200 - 1300)

-Trade disrupted: Black Plague and the Break-up of the Mongol Empire

-Populatoin growth

-Most valued good: spices

-Muslim and Italian merchants controlled trade

-Europeans wanted direct access to the riches of Asia

-Not just motivated by the spice trade

-Continued desire to crusade

-Christians migrated to new lands

-Indigenous peoples converted

-Cartographers

-Caravel

-Astrolabe

Portugal: Leading the Way

-Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

-Barth Olemeu Dias (1488)

-Vasco de Gama (1497)

-Portugal's successes spurred other nations to look for a direct route to Asia

-Line of Demarcation settles dispute between Spain and Portugal

-Linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas

-Sugar and rum from the New World to Europe; guns and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa; slaves from Africa to the New World

i. Peninsulares: Spanish-born aristrocrats

ii. Creoles: Descendants of Peninsulares

iii. Mestizos: White/Indian

iv. Mulattoes: White/African

v. African slaves

vi. Native American Indians

-Rigid class system

-Remise of Aztecs and Incas

-Colonies imitates the culture and the social patterns of their parent countries (they were Christian)

-European plantation system: slavery

-Gold and silver exported to Europe and Asia

-European trading posts along the coast

-Exports: Slaves and raw materials like gold and ivory

-Imports: Foods like corn and peanots, manufactured goods

-Portuguese, Dutch, and British influence

-Jesuits, like St. Francis Xavier, converted many to Christianity

-Imported 1/3 of all gold and silver from the New World

-Economic changes in Europe in the early modern period

-Nation-centered economic systems replaced local ones

-Open seas

-Inflation

-Population boom

-Fuggers and Medicis

-Growth of Capitalism: investments and entreprenuers

-Joint stock companies

-Traditionally, guilds controlled the manufacturing of goods

-Capitalists sought new ways to bypass the guilds

-Rural regions were put to work

-Seperated labor and capital for the first time

-Merchants who invested overseas grew wealthy

-Nobles hurt by price revolution

-Poverty and discontent among workers in towns and cities

-Most Europeans were still peasants

-Economic theory aimed at strengthening the economics of the mother country.

-Colonies, therefore, exist for the benefit of the mother country

-Exports should be greater than imports

-Strict laws passed by European powers restricted colonial trade and the possibilty of setting up their own industries

-Materials shipped to the mother country

-Rejected earlier assumptions: Aristotle, medieval scholarly tradition, deductive approach

-Truth was found at the end of an investigation (inductive reasoning)

-Used a telescope to support Copernicus' heliocentric theory

-Law of fallign bodies (1591 Pisa incident)

-Principle of inertia stated: "A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed.")

-Discovered that the moon was not a luminous object

-Law of Inertia

-Discovered laws of Gravity

-Combined ideas of Galileo and Kepler: Universal gravitation

William Harvey (1578 - 1657)

-Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature

-Formulation of the scientific method

-Expansion of scientific knowledge

New Schools of Art and Music

-Baroque (1600 - 1750)

-Classical (1750 - 1820) [Art in this period was Neoclassicism]

-Romantic (1820 - 1910)

-Use of light, emotions, and movement

-Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish painter

-Characteristics: Imagination, feeling, intuition

-Eugene Delacroix: French painter of Liberty Leading the People

LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Characteristics of the Colonial System

-Colonial governments mirrored the home governments

-Rigid class structure

-Catholicism

-Mining of Precious Metals

-Outposts of colonial authority

-Spanish rule for 300 years

-Viceroys: Only peninsulares could hold top jobs

-Strong influence on the development of Spanish and French colonies

-Jesuits

-Havana

-Mexico City

-Lima

-Sao Paulo

-Buenos Aires

Revolt in Haiti (1791 - 1804)

-French-ruled colony

-Slaves rebelled (1791), abolished slavery (1798), and won independence.

-Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture: Former slave. Defeated Spain, France, and Britain

-Miguel Hidalgo: A creole priest, 'El Grito del Dolores,' poor mestizos and Native Americans

-Independence finally achieved

-Early 1800s

-Simon Bolivar (the liberator): Colombia (1819), Venezuela (1821) Brazil (1822)

-Dom Pedro, son of Portuguese king, ruled as emperor

-Constitution: freedom of press, freedom of religion, elected legislature

-Monroe Doctrine (1823)

-Acknowledged the independence of Latin American nations

-Any attempt by European powers to impose their own system on any independent state in the western hemisphere would be regarded as a threat to the safety and peace of Americans

RISE OF NATIONALISM

Conservatism

-Balance of Power

-Restoration of monarchies

-Build a lasting peace

-Austria

-Britain

-Russia

-Prussia

-France

-Spain

-Portugal

-They avoided the unrest spreading through Europe

-Expanded political rights through legislative means

-Made slavery illegal

-France

-Austria

-Italy

-Germany

"February Days"

"June Days"

Louis Napoleon

-Student-led revolt

-Metternich resigned

-Hungarian nationalists

-Czech nationalists

-Austrian troops regained control with the help of Russia

-Austrian Hapsburg dominated parts of Italy

-Italian nationalists wanted this to end

-Demanded a constituional government

-Reforms were largely unsuccessful

-National Unity

-Liberal reforms

-Peasants, workers, students, united

-Frankfurt Assembly

-Conservatives rallied

-Use of military force by rulers

-Lacked mass support

-Liberals and nationalists would have to find other ways (besides revolutions) to find success

-Outdated social system

-Defecit spending

-The Burden of Debt

-Poor harvests

-Failure of reform

-The Storming of the Bastille