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| A major religious and cultural tradition of the Indian subcontinent, developed from Vedic religion |
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| A dynasty that ruled in China from the 11th century bc to 256 b.c. |
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| The development of the Greek polis--whether a military oligarchy in Sparta or democracy in Athens--allowed citizens to participate in political |
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| Commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. |
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| A loosely compacted yellowish-gray deposit of windblown sediment of which extensive deposits occur, in eastern China and the American Midwest. |
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| A large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia |
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| A large body of texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. The Vedas are apauruṣeya ("not of human agency"). They are supposed to have been directly revealed, and thus are called śruti ("what is heard"), distinguishing them from other religious texts, which are called smṛti ("what is remembered") |
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| A transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and samsara. It represents the final goal of Buddhism |
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| (fl. c.14th–13th centuries bc), Hebrew prophet and lawgiver; brother of Aaron. According to the biblical account, he was born in Egypt and led the Israelites across the desert toward the Promised Land. During the journey he was inspired by God on Mount Sinai to write down the Ten Commandments on tablets of stone (Exod. 20) |
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| A widespread Asian religion or philosophy, founded by Siddartha Gautama in northeastern India in the 5th century b.c. |
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| A dynasty that ruled China 221–206 bc and was the first to establish rule over a united China. The construction of the Great Wall of China was begun during this period |
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| The ancient Roman state from the expulsion of the Etruscan monarchs in 509 bc (see Tarquinius) until the assumption of power by Augustus (Octavian) in 27 bc |
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| He was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. |
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| In ancient China, they were pieces of bone or turtle shell used by Shang priests to tell the future. They would write a question addressed to either one of the gods, or an ancestor on the bone, then heat it until it cracked. |
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| a member of an ancient people who inhabited Anatolia and northern Syria about 2000 to 1200 BC |
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| Each of the hereditary classes of Hindu society, distinguished by relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status |
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| A part of the Mediterranean Sea that lies between Greece and Turkey, bounded on the south by Crete and Rhodes and linked to the Black Sea by the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus |
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| The Hebrew nation or people. According to tradition, they are descended from the patriarch Jacob (also named Israel), whose twelve sons became founders of the twelve tribes of ancient Israel |
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| The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful empire in ancient India, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 321 to 185 BC. |
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| A system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius |
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| (469–399 bc), ancient Athenian philosopher. As represented in the writings of his disciple Plato, he engaged in dialogue with others in an attempt to reach understanding and ethical concepts by exposing and dispelling error (the Socratic method). Charged with introducing strange gods and corrupting the young, he committed suicide as required |
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| was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. |
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| Dynastic cycle is an important political theory in the Chinese history. According to this theory, every dynasty goes through a culture cycle. |
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| The western peninsula of Asia, bounded by the Black, Aegean, and Mediterranean seas, that forms the greater part of Turkey |
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| (in Hinduism and Buddhism) The sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences |
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| The principal city of Minoan Crete, the remains of which are situated on the northern coast of Crete. The city site was occupied from Neolithic times until c.1200 bc. Excavations by Sir Arthur Evans from 1899 revealed the remains of a luxurious palace, which he called the Palace of Minos |
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| The southern part of ancient Palestine, occupied by the tribe of Judah. After the reign of Solomon (c.930 bc) it formed a separate kingdom from Israel |
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| A Hindu dynasty established in ad 320 by Chandragupta I in Bihar. At one stage it ruled most of the north of the Indian subcontinent, but it began to disintegrate toward the end of the 5th century |
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| The Mandate of Heaven is a traditional Chinese philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy of rulers. |
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| (c.429–c.347 bc), Greek philosopher. A disciple of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, he founded the Academy in Athens. His theory of “ideas” or “forms” contrasts abstract entities or universals with their objects or particulars in the material world. His philosophical writings are presented in the form of dialogues, and his political theories appear in the Republic |
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| Hellenistic culture was basically what Alexander the Great left behind. It was a culture of philosophy, literature, and art. It was also very well known for preserving the past as well as the present for the future. |
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| The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection |
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| Aryan is an English language loanword denoting variously *In scholarly usage (Indo-Iranian peoples collectively or separately for the Iranian and Indo-Aryan branches, cf. Arya) **Self designation of the Indo-Iranian languages and their speakers, |
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| the person who became Buddha. |
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| The biblical name for the area of ancient Palestine west of the Jordan River, the Promised Land of the Israelites, who conquered and occupied it during the latter part of the 2nd millennium bc |
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An act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration
- the video is a tribute to the musicals of the '40s
- a symposium organized to pay tribute to Darwin |
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| popularly known as Ashoka the Great', was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from 269 BC to 232 BC. |
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| A large, distinguishable part of a continent, such as North America or southern Africa |
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| (384–322 bc), Greek philosopher and scientist. A student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great, he founded a school (the Lyceum) outside Athens. He is one of the most influential thinkers in the history of Western thought. His surviving works cover a vast range of subjects, including logic, ethics, metaphysics, politics, natural science, and physics |
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| A seasonal prevailing wind in the region of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest between May and September and bringing rain (the wet monsoon), or from the northeast between October and April (the dry monsoon) |
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| languages are a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects. It has about 449 languages and dialects |
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| A socially or culturally superior person, esp. a member of the upper classes from New England |
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| The action or state of attaining or having attained spiritual knowledge or insight, in particular (in Buddhism) that awareness which frees a person from the cycle of rebirth |
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An agreement
A contract drawn up by deed
A clause in a contract
An agreement that brings about a relationship of commitment between God and his people. The Jewish faith is based on the biblical covenants made with Abraham, Moses, and David |
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