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| In feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals. |
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| An estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe. |
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| In feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services. |
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| In medieval Europe, an armored warrior who fought on horseback. |
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| A medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord’s estate. |
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| A lord’s estate in feudal Europe. |
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| A code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion. |
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| A mock battle between groups of knights. |
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| The expansion of trade and businesses that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries. |
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| A unified body of law formed from rulings of England’s royal judges that serves as the basis for law in many English-speaking countries today, including the United States. |
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| One of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. |
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| A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land. |
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| A conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453. |
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| The “Great Charter”- a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in 1215 A.D. |
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| A religious community of men (called monks who have given up their possessions to devote themselves to a life of prayer and worship. |
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| A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation. |
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| A division in the medieval Roman Catholic Church, during which rival popes were established in Avignon and in Rome. |
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| A system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted. |
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| A medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people who songs of courtly love. |
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| Norse explorers and pirates who raided and settled areas of Europe, Asia and North Atlantic islands from the late 8th centuries to the mid-11th century. |
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