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| Oct 1813 at Leipzig in Eastern Germany. Decisive defeat of the Army of Napoleon by combined forces of prussia, Austria and Russia |
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| Naval Battle in which the english fleet, under Admiral Lord Nelson, defeated the combined French and Spanish fleets in 1805, permanetly forestalling French plans to invade England |
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| Napoleonic law code reforming and centralizing French Legal theory and procedures |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
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| Epoch-making manifersto issed by the French Third Estate delegates at Versailles in 1789 |
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| Five-member excutive organ that governed France from 1795-1799 after the over throw of Jacobins |
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| "The old Government"; the pre-Revolutionary style style of government and society in eighteenth-century France |
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| The parliament of France; composed of delegates from three social orders: celergy, nobility, and commoners |
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| Title adopted by Napoleon after his coup d'etat in 1799 that established him as the ruler of France. |
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| The Roman Catholic Church clergy in France during the l'ancien regime |
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| Radical revolutionaries during the French Revolutions; organized in clubs headquartered in Paris. |
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| General conscription for the army ; fist occurred in 1793 during the French Revolution |
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| Leading theoretical thinker of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution and member of the notorious Committee of Public Safety |
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| A collective name for the decrees and actions by Napoleon between 1800 and 1808 that legalized and systematized many elements of the French Revolution. |
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| Members of the French nobility during the l'acien regime |
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| The great majority of Frenchmen: those neither clerical nor nobal |
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| The final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 after his return from Elban exile. |
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| Law passed by Parliament in 1819 and 1833 that began the regulation of hours and working conditions in Britian |
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| massing of labor and material under one roof with a single proprietorship and management productions |
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| First Industrial Revolution |
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| The initial introduction of machine-powered production; began in late eighteenth-century Britain |
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| an economic arrangement between individuals or small producers for production of handwork at home and payment by the piece; it was replaced by the factory beginning in late eighteenth-century Britain |
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| Second Industrial Revolution |
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| the second phase of industrialization that occurred in the late 1800's after the introduction of electric power and internal combustion segments |
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| a term for the widespread demographic event beginning in Europe in the early nineteenth century that saw millions of people moving into the towns and cities from the countryside |
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| political theory that sees all large-scale government as inherently evil and embraces small, self-governing communities |
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| a British working-class movement of the 1840's that attempted to obtain labor and political reform |
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| the 1948 pamphlet by Marx and Engels that announced the formation of revolutionary party of the proletariat |
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| a company that the law bestows with the rights and liabilities of an individual. Generally, these are larger that partnerships and are highly capitalized through shares that are sold to the public |
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| political party founded in 1906 by British labor unions and others for representation of the working classes. |
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| (1818-1883) Seminal Early socialist historian, philosopher, and social theoretician who, in collaboration with Friedrich Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital and founded the International movement |
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| the late-nineteenth-century adaption of Marxist socialism that aimed to introduce basic reform through parliamentary acts rather than through revolution |
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| Association of socialist parties founded in 1889; after the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Second International split into democratic and communist segement |
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| A doctrine of government that advocates a society organized on the basis of syndicates or unions |
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| A charismatic Islamic mystic, Muhammad Ahmad, who led a serious rebellion against Egyptian rule in the Sudan, 1881-1885 |
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| (1769-1849) Viceroy of Egypt, 1803-1849, he introduced important reforms to reorganize Egypt and its army and navy along European lines |
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| Rose Chamber Rescript of 1839 |
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| A major component of the Tanzimat; it called for the full equality of all Ottoman subjects, regardless of religion or ethnicity |
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| Intellectual movement begun by Muhammad Abduh to try to modernize Islamic law. More recently , the term has come to be associated with Islamism and a repudiation of the west |
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| Literally "New Order" in Turkish. the state-directed reforms of the Ottoman Empire that lasted from 1839 to 1876 |
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| Movement begun by Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab in the mid-1700's to impose a fundamentalist Islamic law on Arabia. It became the foundation of Saudi Arabia as well as contemporary, radical-and sometimes violent-Islamic fundamentalism |
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| A group of Western-educated Turkish intellectuals and journalists who, in the 1870's supported the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into constitutional monarchy |
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| Assimilation and Association |
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| French administrative policies applied to their colonies in Africa and Southeast Asia, whose objective was to acculturate their colonial subjects to French language, history and civilization |
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| 1884-1885 a conference called by Otto von Bismarck of all the major European powers to ding a formula for adjudicating competing claims to foreign territory and to temper potential conflicts |
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| Crops that are grown for sale rather than consumption |
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| One of the principles established during the Berlin Conference of 1884 for recognizing colonial claims. Essentially, it required that for a claim to be made, and effective administrative and police presence had to be established in the territory in question |
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| The British policy of governing their overseas colonies through native rulers |
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| the late nineteenth-century worldwide colonialism of European powers interested in strategic and market advantage |
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| a term applied by some historians for the initial, largely local form of resistance that usually followed soon after European occupation of territory in Africa |
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| The sudden race for colonies in Africa among the the major European nations that occurred between about 1882 and 1914 |
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| a term some historians apply to the more delayed, regional, and supra-ethnic forms of armed resistance that occurred after European occupation of territories in Africa during the first few decades of the colonial era |
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| a phrase coined by Rudyard Kipling to refer to what he considered the necessity of bringing European civilization to Europeans |
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| Law passed in 1829 by governor-general of British East Indian Company, which banned certain Hindu practices, such as satie |
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| Fearing a possible invasion of India through Afghanistan, the East India Company fought these wars to occupy Afghanistan |
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| Battle fought between French-sponsored army of Siraj ad-Dawla and East INdia Company forces led by Robert Clive. Clive's victory reduced French and Dutch influence in India |
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| a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Indian province of Bengal |
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| British East India Company |
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| Company originally chartered in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth 1 to trade with the East Indies. However, driven out of the Indies by the Dutch, they concentrated on mainland Indians |
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| Employee, soldier and later governor of the British East India Company in India. Also know as Clive of India, he established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in southern India and Bengal |
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| Dutch method of extracting wealth form Indonesian peasants by paying fixed priced for their crops |
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| Governor-general of French possessions in India, 1742-1454 |
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| Refers to nineteenth- and twentieth-century competition by Britain and Russia for influence and control in western and southern Asia |
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| Sometimes shortned to the Great Mutiny. Mutiny of Indian soldiers of East India Company army caused by cultural insensitivity of Company officers |
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| political party formed in India in 1885. Eventually led the Indian Independence Movement. |
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| Provincial rulers of the Indian Mughal Empire and the Raj |
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| British statesman known for his founding of Singapore. Also important for helping to drive French and Dutch from Java, contributing to the expansion of the British Empire into Southeast Asia |
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| shorthand for the British Raj, a term that refers to the period of British rule in India |
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| one of the most important figures in the nineteenth-century Indian social reform movement known as the Bengal Renaissance |
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| Term applied to rank-and-file Indian soldiers of the East Africa Company and British Indian Army |
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| Desperate revolt by superstitious peasants against the European "foreign devils" who were carving up China in the new Imperialism of the 1890's; quickly suppressed |
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| Concubine of Qing emperor Xianfeng, she became the regent for her son, the emperor Tongxi. Exercising power for nearly fifty years, she encouraged the Taiping Rebellion and opposed badly needed reforms |
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| Conflicts that occurred in 1840-1842 on the Chinese coast between the British and the Chinese over the importation of opium into China. The Chinese defeat began eighty years of subordination to foreigners |
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| Self-strengthening movement |
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| The late nineteenth-century attempt by Chinese officials to bring China into the modern world by instituting reforms; failed to achieve its goal |
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| Educated in Western schools. Sun helped overthrow the Qing monarch and became one of the founders of the Kuomintang Party and of the Chinese Republic |
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| Anti-Manzhou rebels in China in the 1860's |
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| Chinese name for the diplomatic and territorial arrangements foisted on the weak Qing Dynasty by European powers in the nineteenth century; also, the commercial treaties forced on just-opened Japan by the same powers and the United States |
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| Theory that the cosmos was created by an enormous explosion of gases billions of years ago |
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| a Belief common in the late twentieth-century West that there are no absolute values to measure contrasting cultures |
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| English naturalist who discovered natural selection and the modern theory of evolution. wrote Descent of Man |
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| The 1871 publication by Charles Darwin that applied selective evolution theory to mandkind |
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| General Theory of Relativity |
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| Einstein's theory that introduced the modern era of physics in 1916 |
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| The Darwinian doctrine in biology that change in species derives from mechanistic changes induced by the environment |
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| Charles Darwin's book that first enunciated the evolutionary theory in biology ;1859 |
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| an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1890 that committed the Roman Catholic church to attempting to chieve social justice for the poor |
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