Term
| The deal(s) struck Western European merchants to better secure their independence included... |
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Definition
| Merchants and artistans knew their place; they catered to the tastes and submitted to the control of their social betters. Self-government and aggressive self-assertion were part of the merchant's stock-in-trade. |
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Term
| The Middle zone of Northern Europe, Italy and Rhineland were a constant battleground |
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Definition
| Charlemagne's empire had been divided among 3 areas in 843 C.E., Germany, France, and a the middle zone (Italy and Rhineland). This area became a bone of contention that remained critical as recently as World War I. |
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Term
| Henry IV opposed the Cluniac reforms because... |
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Definition
| He would lose power to appoint bishops who appointed the pope. He would lose control of the Church’s land. The Cluniac monasteries insisted upon complete independence from all controlling lay rulers. They claimed the rest of the church should have the same independence, in particular the appointment of the pope should not reside with a few powerful families. |
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Term
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Definition
Henry IV excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII because he would not accept the the Cluniac reforms
to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it. |
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