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| The Silk Road, or Silk Route, is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads and urban dwellers from China to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. The bubonic plague was also spread via the GSR. The Silk Road served as a ways of cultural trade between the networking civilizations. |
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| The Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabella) |
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| They were second cousins; their marriage marked the unification of Spain; They had a goal of conquering the Muslim kingdom of Granada and completing the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula; they strove to gain the Iberian peninsula back from the Moors (i.e. the Reconquista) |
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| The widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492, colonization and trade by Europeans, and institution of the slave trade |
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| In the encomienda, the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. In theory, the receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith: in return they could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold, or other products |
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| a form of government where the monarch has the power to rule their land freely, with no laws or legally organized direct opposition in force |
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| The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy |
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| is a form of absolute monarchy or despotism in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment. Enlightened monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their territories. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education |
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| ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire; he led a cultural revolution that replaced the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system; basically he modernized Russia/Europe |
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| Strong military for defense and protection; strong central government; control and need of nobility; territorial conquest; commercial growth; and state bureaucracy |
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| Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France; he became one of the most powerful French monarchs and consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution; fashionable; hated Paris; reinvented court life; creates a system of favors, honor and privilege; creates professional army (uniforms and standardized weapons); creates military hospitals and schools |
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| Social Stratification of French Society |
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| Social classes were called Estates; 1. Clergy 2. Nobility 3. Everyone else ( peasants, bankers, middle class, urban poor) |
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| is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the guidelines of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified, or blended constitution; the English Monarchy is an example of this |
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| is an economic doctrine based on the theory that a nation benefits by accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods |
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| is a policy by which governments do not discriminate against imports or exports |
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| Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy and of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment; Encouraged free trade and the "invisible hand of the market" |
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| product of the Renaissance; was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period |
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| Cultural movement that was supported by the rediscovery of classic texts, form, and beauty; rebirth in art; religious shift; centered in Italy; was a cultural movement |
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| was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that had a fundamental impact on French history and on modern history worldwide; the people were frustrated by the ineptitude of Louis XVI due to the 7 years' war and this uprising led to the Estates' General; Storming of the Bastille; Declaration of the Rights of Man; Jacobins v. Girondins |
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| was a cultural movement of intellectuals beginning in the late 17th- and 18th-century Europe emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.[1] Its purpose was to reform society using reason, challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and advance knowledge through the scientific method |
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| were the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment.[1] Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics and social issues; wanted less gov't intervention |
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| Transatlantic Slave Trade |
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| took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries; many slaves were Africans and were sent to the New World; vast numbers to be sold to labour in coffee, tobacco, cocoa, cotton and sugar plantations, gold and silver mines, rice fields, construction industry, cutting timber for ships, and as house servants |
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| This man is accused of murdering his son because his son wanted to convert to Catholicism. He was a stout Protestant, but it turned out that his son killed himself. Nonetheless, the townspeople tortured and killed Calas. |
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| During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire, controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia/the Caucasus, North Africa and the Horn of Africa; With Constantinople as its capital and control of vast lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for over six centuries. It was dissolved in the aftermath of World War I; the collapse of the empire led to the emergence of the new political regime in Turkey itself, as well as the creation of the new Balkans and Middle East |
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| was the government of France between the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire in 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in 1804; During this period, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, had established himself as the head of a more conservative, authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself head of state |
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| was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution and its associated wars in Europe; he didn't take power the usual way, he sort of came in and claimed himself emperor; the French saw him as a solution to all their problems; he was a military genius |
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| is a political philosophy that holds power should be vested in individuals according to merit.[1] Advancement in such a system is based on intellectual talent measured through examination and/or demonstrated achievement in the field where it is implemented; according to Napoleon, social mobility |
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| Continental System/Continental Blockade |
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| was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. As a response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on the 16 May 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree on the 21 November 1806, which brought into effect a large-scale embargo against British trade |
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| Napoleonic Wars & Peninsular War |
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| Napoleonic Wars were wars fought in the name of territorial expansion; French power rose quickly as Napoleon's armies conquered much of Europe but collapsed rapidly after France's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812; the Peninsular War was a military conflict between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars |
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| was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815.[1] The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map |
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| 1700s; England is the IR's birthplace; the waterwheel was invented; they began using natural energy sources; average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth |
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| Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels |
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| Marx's theories about society, economics and politics – collectively known as Marxism – hold that human societies progress through class struggle: a conflict between an ownership class that controls production and a dispossessed labouring class that provides the labour for production; Marx also said that harmonious society could only be reached through violence; Engels & Marx both wrote the Communist Manifesto |
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| a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation |
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| was a socialistic government that briefly ruled Paris starting from the middle of March 1871. Though elected as the city council (in French, the "commune"), the Commune eventually proclaimed its own authority to govern all of France; this did not end well |
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| the main challenge Italy faced in their unification process was Austria; the northern kingdom was more developed and prosperous than the south; Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont Sardinia had his own vision for the unification of Italy; he started many public works, projects, and political reforms. Piedmont-Sardinia was soon recognized as an emerging power. The next step for Piedmont-Sardinia 's conquest was to get Austria out of the Italian Peninsula |
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| Austria & France opposed German unification; Unification exposed several glaring religious, linguistic, social, and cultural differences between and among the inhabitants of the new nation; Otto Von Bismarck was the brains, the muscles and the driving force behind GU; Austro-Prussian war; Franco-Prussian War; realpolitik; secret diplomacy |
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| As Minister President of Prussia 1862–90, Bismarck provoked wars that made Prussia dominant over Austria and France, and lined up the smaller German states behind Prussia; wanted to create a modern, bureaucratic, strong, secular Germany; attended military school; he increases taxes and strengthens military |
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| refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considerations, rather than explicit ideological notions or moral or ethical premises. In this respect, it shares aspects of its philosophical approach with those of realism and pragmatism. The term realpolitik is sometimes used pejoratively to imply politics that are coercive, amoral, or Machiavellian |
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| The conflict emerged from tensions regarding the German unification. A war against France was deemed necessary to unite the North German Confederation and the independent southern German states, while France was preoccupied by the emergence of a powerful Prussia; France is defeated |
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| unified, strong, nationalist, industrialized, militaristic Germany, but at the cost of Europe's balance of power |
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| was a period of colonial expansion—and its accompanying ideologies—by the European powers, the United States and the Empire of Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions. At this time, countries focused on building their empire with new technological advances and developments, making their country bigger through conquest, and exploiting their resources |
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| Poem by the English poet, Rudyard Kipling. Kipling changed the text of "Burden" to reflect the subject of American colonization of the Philippines, recently won from Spain in the Spanish-American War |
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| Berlin Conferences; Bismarck wanted to organize the African division; King Leopold wanted a piece of Africa for himself, not for his country (Belgium) |
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| is the belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population.[2][3] It is a social philosophy advocating the improvement of human genetic traits through the promotion of higher reproduction of people with desired traits (positive eugenics), and reduced reproduction of people with less-desired or undesired traits (negative eugenics) |
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| is the application of Darwinism, the concept of survival of the fittest, to everyday social circumstances. These can range from wealth debates to political debates, with the general principle being that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease |
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| These were the climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire; the British government sent expeditionary forces from India, which ravaged the Chinese coast and dictated the terms of settlement. The Treaty of Nanking not only opened the way for further opium trade, but ceded territory including Hong Kong, unilaterally fixed Chinese tariffs at a low rate, granted extraterritorial rights to foreigners in China (which were not offered to Chinese abroad), a most favored nation clause, and diplomatic representation |
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| Japan's Enlightenment; before, Japan was decentralized, had a feudal system and symbolic shogun; this was basically the modernization/Westernization of Japan |
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| Much loss of European life; the "Great War"; Causes were the alliance system (Triple Alliance, Triple Entente), rivalries, nationalism & imperialism; On 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians fired the first shots in preparation for the invasion of Serbia |
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| was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle region of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War; Germany and France fight for control over this area; Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France after the Second World War |
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| applies to the Serbian nationalist and irredentist ideology directed towards the creation of a Serbian land which would incorporate all regions of traditional significance to the Serbian nation, and regions outside of Serbia that are populated mostly by Serbs. This movement's main ideology is to unite all Serbs (or all historically ruled or Serb populated lands) into one state, claiming, depending on the version, different areas of many surrounding countries |
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| was the German General Staff's early-20th-century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war in which the German Empire might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east; The plan took advantage of Russia's slowness and expected differences in the three countries' speed in preparing for war. In short, it was the German plan to avoid a two-front war by concentrating troops in the West and quickly defeating the French and then, if necessary, rushing those troops by rail to the East to face the Russians before they had time to mobilize fully |
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| is a war in which a belligerent engages in the complete mobilization of all available resources and population |
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| Chemical Warfare, Trench Warfare and Aviation |
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| Mustard gas, chlorine gas; Trench warfare was a type of combat used by Germany and France in WWI, they used the area between trenches as protection while fighting because it was "no man's land"; aviation is the use of airplanes in war |
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| Refers to a war that cannot be won by either side. Trench warfare in WWI resulted in this |
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| Western and Eastern Front (WWI) |
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| Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the German Army opened the Western Front by first invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France; The Eastern Front was a theatre of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria and Germany on the other |
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| Fall of the Ottoman Empire (Britain and the US began taking over), Fall of Austro-Hungary, German humiliation and economic hardship, colonial anger against allies and imperialism, resentment, general disillusionment, and the struggle for recovery |
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| was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers; Germany must pay was reparations, reorganize Europe, Africa and Middle East, System of Peace must be implemented (League of Nations) |
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| was an intergovernmental organisation founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace; prevention of wars through collective security and disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration |
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| Following World War I, the republic emerged from the German Revolution in November 1918. In 1919, a national assembly was convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the German Reich was written; In its fourteen years, the Weimar Republic faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremists (with paramilitaries – both left and right wing) and continuing contentious relationships with the victors of World War I. However, the Weimar Republic successfully reformed the currency, unified tax policies and the railway system and it did eliminate most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles, in that Germany never completely met the disarmament requirements, and eventually only paid a small portion of the total reparations required by the treaty, which were reduced twice by restructuring Germany's debt through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan |
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| dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Russian SFSR. The Emperor was forced to abdicate and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917; revolution was the result of agrarian issue and disconnect from the gov't |
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| The Bolsheviks were the majority faction in a crucial vote, hence their name. They ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[5] The Bolsheviks came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which would later become the chief constituent of the Soviet Union in 1922; founded by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov, were by 1905 a mass organization consisting primarily of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism, who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia; leader Leon Trotsky |
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| Dreyfus Affair and Anti-Semitism |
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| The affair began in November 1894 with the conviction for treason of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a young French artillery officer of Alsatian Jewish descent. Sentenced to life imprisonment for allegedly having communicated French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris, Dreyfus was sent to the penal colony at Devil's Island in French Guiana, where he spent almost five years |
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| Decline of the Ottoman Empire |
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| The period begins by the disastrous Battle of Vienna in 1683 and the Treaty of Karlowitz signed after the war in 1699. Directly affecting the Empire at this time was Russian imperialism. The political rhetoric was dominated with the economic problems and defeats. The Empire tried to catch up to the western world by military reforms which proved to be ineffective in the long run; |
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| "Ataturk"; Radical advocate of change; president of Turkey; made sure Turkey was modern in western style and secularization, female vote, divorce, monogamy, western fashion, Turkish alphabet replaces Arab script, Law of the Surname, centralization of gov't |
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| China, Mao Zedong, Nationalists, Long March, Chiang Kai-Shek |
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| China did not want to be imperialist or westernized; fearing communist growth, nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-shek, purge the communists; Mao Zedong was the leader of the communists, and the Long March consisted of them retreating, although many of them died due to the climate; |
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| Chinese Renaissance, anti-Confucianism, pro-individualism, nationalism, democracy |
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| Came from a wealthy family; studied in law in India; believed in peaceful resistance; anti-imperialism; peaceful nationalism |
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| this was a civil disobedience movement; Britain increases the taxes on salt in India; 50,000 people march to the port city; they gained 10,000 more supporters there and started making their own salt (which was against the law); here Gandhi was arrested; in 1935 Britain gives in to some of India's demands. 1947-Official Indian independence |
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| It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million people, from more than 30 different countries, serving in military units. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources; the desire and ability of Adolf Hitler, in control of Nazi Germany, to dominate Europe and gain control especially of the agrarian resources to the east of Germany was the primary cause of the war. He was allied with the Empire of Japan, which desired to dominate Asia, including the much larger nation of China, as well as Italy (which had ambitions to control parts of the Balkans) and several smaller countries; Key events that led to the war included the 1939 invasion of Poland and the prior 1937 invasion of the Republic of China by Japan. The U.S. entered the war when it was attacked by Japan on 7 December 1941 (Pearl Harbor) |
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| . It was defined by the decline of the old great powers and the rise of two superpowers; the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States of America (US) creating a bipolar world; As a consequence of the war, the Allies created the United Nations, a new global organization for international cooperation and diplomacy. The United Nations agreed to outlaw wars of aggression in an attempt to avoid a third world war |
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| was a 1933 amendment to the Weimar Constitution that gave the German Cabinet – in effect, Chancellor Adolf Hitler – the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag |
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| describes a method of warfare whereby an attacking force spearheaded by a dense concentration of armoured and motorized or mechanized infantry formations, and heavily backed up by close air support,[6] forces a breakthrough into the enemy's line of defense through a series of short, fast, powerful attacks; and once in the enemy's territory, proceeds to dislocate them using speed and surprise, and then encircle them; this can be used to describe the German Invasion of Poland |
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| was an important component of Nazi ideology in Germany. The Nazis supported territorial expansionism to gain Lebensraum ("living space") as being a law of nature for all healthy and vigorous peoples of superior races to displace people of inferior races; especially if the people of a superior race were facing overpopulation in their given territories |
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| Hitler's Final Solution; Mussolini |
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| Adolf Hitler was a right-wing, Nazi/Fascist who wanted to "cleanse" the German population of all Jews, which was his "Final Solution"' Mussolini was Italy's version of fascist & Nazi, although the cleansing included much more than just Jews, also gypsies & blacks |
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| was fought from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939 between the Republicans, who were loyal to the established Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, a rebel group led by General Francisco Franco. The Nationalists prevailed, and Franco ruled Spain for the next 36 years, from 1939 until his death in 1975 |
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| policy of making political or material concessions to a (potential) enemy power (or powers) in order to avoid a threatened conflict.[1] Appeasement was used by European democracies in the 1930s who wished to avoid war with the dictatorships of Germany and Italy, bearing in mind the horrors of World War I |
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| Hiroshima, Atomic Bomb, Attack on Pearl Harbor and War in the Pacific |
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| It is best known as the first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped an atomic bomb on it at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II; The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II; The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States |
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