a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages (9th & 10th Centuries) in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return

SOCIALISM

Socialism is defined as an economic theory, system or movement where the production and distribution of goods is done, owned and shared by the citizens of a society.

Capitalism

an economic system in which investment in and ownership of 

the means of production, distribution,and exchange of wealth is made and maintained by private individuals or corporations

Humanism

 Emphasizes reason, scientific inquiry, and human 

fulfillment in the natural world and 

rejects the importance of belief in God.

During Renaissance a literary movement that began in Italy during the fourteenth century. Humanism broke from the medieval tradition of having pious religious motivation for creating art or works of literature. 

Hammurabi

Hammurabi was the sixth Amorite king of Babylon from 1792 BC to 1750 BC middle chronology. He became the first king of the Babylonian Empire following the abdication* of his father,

Know for the Hammurabi code

Abdictation = gave up the throne voluntarily 

Code of Hammurabi

1754 BC

The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" 

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

 Plebs from the 2nd Century 

They have been deemed the founding fathers of both socialism and populism

sought to introduce land reform and other populist legislation in ancient Rome. 

Peter the Great of Russia

Peter the Great was a Russian czar in the late 17th century

He created a strong navy, reorganized his army according to Western standards, secularized schools, administered greater control over the Orthodox Church, and introduced new administrative and territorial divisions of the country.

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine

 credited with being the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally, not because of superstition and gods.

 Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians.

Ivan The Terrible 1533-1584 

One of first rulers after Russia kicked out Mongols

Expanded territory, built St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow, murdered son, high taxes on people, passed laws to restrict movement of peasants, took title of Czar 

opened Russia up to trade with Europe 

Unified Russia under one leader

Ivan III the Great 

Gained idependence from the Mongol Tartars

 made Moscow the centre of Russian power

Samuari 

medieval Japanese warriors who ruled during

The Age of the Samurai 1185-1868

Alexander the Great 

King of Macedonia from 336 to 323 B.C. During his time of leadership, he united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian Empire.

The Hundred Years' War 

1. a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of thelatter kingdom.

What was the conflict fought between

House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of

England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the kingdom of France known as

The Hundred Years War

Agrigultural Revolution

1. Let to permanet settlements which led to development of culture and art

2. Increased food supply
3. larger population
4. Creation villages
5. Creation of goverment
6. job specialization

Fall of Rome and Fall of Han Dynasty

Comparisons

1. both had rising taxes and high inflation becuase of a decline in trade and crops.  This caused social unrest. 
2. Attacks from nomadic tribes also helped bring an end to both societies

The English Reformation

1. a series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church

The Protestant Reformation 

16th-century

Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice.

They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power 

NOT THE SAME AS THE GREAT SCHISM 

Neolithic Age

New Stone Age – time period of human development of technology.  Beginning in 10,200–8,800 BC ending between 4,500 and 2,000 BC.

"rebirth" and is the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, rebirth of classical learning and a rediscovery of ancient Rome and Greece.  Renaissance artists rejected the religious thought of the Middle Ages.   

Renaissance
14th to the 16th century

The Byzantine Empire

When the Roman Empire split into two separate empires, the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire continued on for 1000 years after the Western Roman Empire, including Rome, collapsed in 476 CE

Punic Wars

How many were there? 

Who fought them?

When/how did they end? 

The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. and ending with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. 

Constantine

Emperor of Roman Empire from 306 CE. He made the Greek city of Byzantium the capital and re-named it Constantinople. Ruled for 30 years. First emperor to convert to Christianity 

Byzantine Empire

the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half was broken into various feudal kingdoms.

Finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453.

Old Stone Age

(Paleolithic Era) -from the beginning of human existence until around 12,000 years ago

Called Stone age because humans started using stone tools

Medieval 

Relating to the Middle ages

The period in the past from about 500 to 1500

Taoism (sometimes Daoism)

  philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao

TAO means Path or Way

The Tang Dynasty

expanded China

1. The Tang Dynasty ruled for nearly 300 years (618–907)
2. united northern and southern China 
3. The study of medicine is one of the greatest contributions of Tang Dynasty 
4. Chemistry and gunpowder
5. First female emperor

River Valley Civilizations

Four early major river valley civilizations develop along the Tigris and Euphrates, Nile, Indus, and Huang He Rivers.

Religion

providing social and economic stability to large populations

 political authority is justified by divine sanction

means of maintaining peace between unrelated individuals

Song Dynasty

 969 - 1279 AD

1. Prosperous economy/ trade along Silk Road
2. radiant culture with goods and entertainment from all over the world
3. Most urban Chinese culture
4. Beginning of modern China
5. Strongest empire in the world at this time

The Silk Road

the first trade route that connected China with the Mediterranean region in ancient and medieval times.  The Silk Road was a 4,000-mile network of routes 

Factors leading to the

Fall of Rome

1. As the empire grew taxes were raised to pay an army to defend
2. Lower classes resented the rich because of high taxes
3. Art and culture were no being created
4. citizens became disenchanted
5. Parents stopped educating their children
6. trade collapsed

Impact of the fall of Rome

Responsible for the cultural and economic deterioration tht occurred in Western Europe.  This decline was known as the Dark Ages

Gave rise to the Feudal System

5 Elements for Civilization

1. Written language
2. Organized Religion
3. Arts, Architecture, & Public Works
4. Job specialization & Social Class
5. Centralized government 

Decline of Feudalism

and medieval Europe

1. The Crusades - nobles went off to fight and never came back
2. The Black Plague - killed all of the farm workers, led to demand for higher wages and peasant revolts
3. The 100 years war - took farm workers to fight in militry taught them a new skill
4. The Great Schism - formally divided the State church of the Roman Empire into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches divding loyalties  

Christianity

a unifying force

Christianity unified Medieval Europe because of the common enemy and by uniting the people in the common goal of attaining salvation, and living Christian lives.

Development of the slave traded

1. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal started the European slave trade with Africa. Portugal also started the first slave auction.  
2. From about the 8th century onwards, an Arab-run slave trade also flourished, with much of this activity taking place in East Africa, Arabia, and the Indian Ocean.

Renaissance impact on society

Rise of humanism - art/thought no long revolved around religion
education transformed and was broadened to include appreciation of art, music, poetry
Stagnation gave place to progress; intellectual activity replaced unquestioning submission; authority was challenged.
Paved the way for  "The Reformation" - people became critical of the superstitions and meaningless rituals practiced by the church 
the invention of Mariner's compass during the Renaissance period made navigation easier

Impact of Atlantic Slave Trade on W. Africa 

The Transatlantic slave trade radically impaired Africa's potential to develop economically and maintain its social and political stability.

The arrival of Europeans on the West African Coast and their establishment of slave ports in various parts of the continent triggered a continuous process of exploitation of Africa's human resources, labor, and commodities. 

Impact of Slavery on the Americas

African slaves drove the economies of the Americas

Sugar plantations were dependent on slaves

Helped build infrastructure 

made Americas wealthy

Columbian Exchange 

Colombia Exchange impact on

Americas

Gave Technology to the natives such as: A Written Alphabet New Farming Capabilities New Firearm and Weapon Capabilities Architectural Ingenuity

Columbus brought horses, dogs, pigs, cattle, chickens, sheep, and goats.  When the explorers brought the new animals across the ocean it introduced a whole new means of transportation, a new labor form, and a new food source.  The animals were rarely troubled by the diseases the humans were.  So while the humans died off, the animals were thriving on the rich wildlife.

Impact of the commercial revolution

Created a new desire for trade, and trade expanded in the second half of the Middle Ages. European states, through voyages of discovery, were looking for new trade routes in the 15th and 16th centuries; let to vast international trade routes. new wealth required new economic theories and practices to be created. Because of competing national interest, Europeans had the desire for increased world power through their colonial empires. The Commercial Revolution is marked by an increase in general commerce, and in the growth of financial services such as banking, insurance, and investing.

Commercial Revolution

1. The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th century. It was succeeded in the mid-18th century by the Industrial Revolution.