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| the most important equipment on board the vessels;; [Chinese & Greek] |
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| Desire for trade, convert/allies against Muslims, Desire for fame/ honor |
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| Navigator, conqueror, Portuguese ruler who systematically promoted exploration down the coast of West Africa to reach Asia |
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| Sailed around Africa to get to India |
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| The 1st European explorer to circumnavigate the world and to establish the Spanish claim to the Philippines |
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| disease which caused rotting of the gums, loss of teeth abscesses, hemorrhaging, and death. |
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| most important of the Pacific explorers; charted lands; died in a scuffle with people in Hawaii |
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| first was made by Portuguese mariners, goal was to control trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there. for example the empire established by Portugal in Asia. |
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| Commander of Portuguese forces, tried to control Indian ocean trade by seizing strategic points. |
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| English and Dutch merchants that conducted trade through an exceptionally efficient form of commercial organization with enabled investors to realize handsome profits while limiting risks. |
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| ships that carried goods between the Philippines and Spain; largely revolved around trade and Christianity. |
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| aided Russian expansion overland. on a quest for fur. |
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| The global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after voyages of exploration by Christopher Columbus and other European mariners. |
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| examples of American crops that took root in Africa, Asia and Europe. [by way of Columbian exchange] |
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| felt indulgences were signs of greed, hypocrisy, and moral rot in the Roman Catholic Church. Founded the protestant movement. |
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| denounced the sale of indulgences written by Martin Luther |
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| converted to Protestant Christianity and organized a tight-knit Protestant community |
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| belief that humans could never earn salvation but also that God had already determined the "elect," which individuals would be saved from damnation before they were born. important to the Calvinist church. |
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| Supports the Protestant movement. Conflict with the Pope because he wanted to divorce hes wife but the pope wouldn't allow him to do so. supported the Anglican Church. |
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| an assembly high church officials who met intermittently between 1545-1563 to address matters of doctrine and reform. |
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| sought to extend the boundaries of the reformed Roman Church, effective missionaries, often served as counselors to kings & other rulers. members known as Jesuits |
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| founder of the society of Jesus, required members to complete rigorous & and advanced education |
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| the thirty years' war (1618-1648) |
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| cause of religious wars culminating in a great continental conflict. started after the Holy Roman Emperor tried to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic Church. Damaged economies and societies throughout Europe & led to deaths about 1/3 of the German population |
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| attempted to revive the holy roman empire; didnt extend his authority through Europe, devoted most of his attention and energy to the Lutheran movement & to watching closely for imperial princes. |
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| the English Civil War [1642-1649] |
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| started over political and religious disputes for constitutional government,ended when they arranged to have the king rule in cooperation with parliament. Sparked an alliance between the rulers and the merchants |
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| monarchies that stood on a theoretical foundation known as the divine right of kings. |
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| best epitomized royal absolutism, the "sun king", residence at Versailles. |
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| most important of the Romanvov Tsars, wanted to transform Russia, reformed the army. improved administrative efficiency |
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| the most able of Peter's successors, worked to improve governmental efficiency and promoted economic development in Russia's towns |
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| treaty which laid the foundation for a system of independent, competing states. regarded one, another as sovereign & equal, also mutually recognized their rights to reorganize their own domestic & religous affairs & agreed that political and diplomatic affairs were to be conducted by states acting in their own interests. |
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| early European diplomacy, when any particular state began to wax strong, others formed coalitions against it. |
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| an economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market & seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities. |
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| was a method of manufacturing in which capitalists moved production into the countryside to avoid the restrictive practice of guilds |
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| Greek scholar, envisioned a motionless earth surrounded by a series of 9 hollow, concentric spheres that revolved around it. Each of the 1st 7 spheres had one of the observable heavenly bodies embedded in its shell. |
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| broke the Ptolemaic theory, argued that the sun rather than earth stood at the center of the universe & that the planets including the earth, revolved around the sun. |
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| showed that the heavens were not perfect. observed spots on the sun and mountains on the moon & distant stars that werent visible to the naked eye. |
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| depended on accurate observation and mathematical reasoning to construct a powerful synthesis of astronomy & mechanics |
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| quest to subject the human world purely rational analysis |
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| prominent intellectuals who advanced the cause of reason, addressed their works more to the educated public than to scholars. composed histories, novels, dramas, satires, & pamphlets on religious, moral, and political issues. |
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| Philosophe who epitomized the spirit of the Enlightenment, championed individual freedom and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive policies. |
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| denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity. although a powerful god had created the universe once created, the universe operated by itself according to rational and natural laws. |
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| triumph of constituted limited monarchy in England. |
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| the agreement which ended the 30 yrs. war and laid the basis for an international system of competing sovereign states |
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| the French lawayer and theologian who developed the most coherent and organized statement of protestant belief and emphasized "predestination" |
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| was a catholic monastic organization which became the most dedicated defenders of the faith in Europe and effective missionaries in Asia and the Americas |
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| the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire who sought to eliminate Protestantism in the vast domains under his control. |
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| the French ruler who was known as the "sun king" because of the splendor of his court and his claim to absolute power by divine right |
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| its original task was to ferret out those who secretly practiced judaism or Islam but Charles V also charged it with responsibility for detecting protestant heresy in Spain. Founded by Fernando and Isabel. |
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| Played a pivotal role in the spanish conquest of mexico; helped cortes by being a translator and later having his kids. |
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| the most prominent people in the region who cultivated manioc and other crops; lived in small villages. 1st people that the spanish encounter in the carribeans |
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| gave spanish settlers the right to compel Tainos to work in their mines or fields; were supposed to look after their workers welfare & encourage their conversion to Christianity. Forced labor [like serfdom] |
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| conqueror who brought down the aztec empire in Mexico; killed Motecuzma II |
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| last Aztec Ruler, killed by Hernan Cortez. |
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| led a spanish expedition from central America to Peru. took over the Incan capital at Cuzco. |
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| last Incan ruler killed by Francisco Pizarro. |
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| administrators that were established in 2 main centers of authority in the Americas and were responsible to the king in spain; highest authority |
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| Audit Viceroys, university educated lawyers who conducted reviews |
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| divided the world along an imaginary north-south line. Spain could claim any non christian lands to the west of the line and Portugal gained the same rights for any land to the east of that line. [how Portugal got Brazil] |
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| 1st English colony in North America [more independent] |
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| individuals born in the Americas of European and African parents; dominate economy, own haciendas and mines |
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| offspring of spanish and European or Indian ancestry |
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| offspring born of Portuguese and African Parents |
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| [modern day peru] high concentrated area of silver production, full of rich mines. |
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| Spanish administrators relied on requisitioning draft labor, each village was required to send 1/7th of its male population to work for four months in the mines Potosi |
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| Large estate/ranch. produced goods for sale to local markets in nearby mining districts. |
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| a way to recruit workers for the Hacienda; landowners advanced loans to native peoples so that they could buy seeds, tools, and supplies, for their own farms, which had to be repaid by loans with labor but wages were so low that they were never able to pay off their debt [exploitation] |
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| came to represent a complex land, labor, buildings, animals, capital and technical skills related to the production of sugar. |
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| People who received free passage across the Atlantic in exchange for providing 4-7 years of labor. |
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| cult; religious figure. helped Christianity become especially popular |
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| leader of Sierra Leone and former slave |
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| a colony of former slaves in Nova Scotia |
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| Biggest and most powerful empire in Western Africa |
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| Founder of the Songhay empire, creates a strong military and administration |
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| most important commercial and cultural center in Songhay |
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| East coast of Africa Largely Muslim. great deal of trade in the Indian Ocean |
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| Kingdom in central Africa; kings converted to christianity to build a better relationship with the merchants. |
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| king of kongo; became a devout roman catholic and sought to convert all his subjects to Christianity. |
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| location where Portuguese explorers were developing a brisk slave trade |
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| led the resistance against Portuguese slave traders in Angola |
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| captial of the kingdom in south Africa..stone fortified city. dominated gold bearing plain |
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| 1st european outpost in southern Africa founded by Dutch |
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| Subsaharan africa, leads jihad to establish stricter form of Islam |
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| combined Christianity with African Tradition |
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| a particularly influential syncretic cult in Kongo |
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| Europe. Africa. America. Trade pattern in the Atlantic |
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| slave trip from Africa to America |
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| took advantage of the slave trade in exchange for money and weapons |
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| dispersal of African ppl and their descendants, left a permanent mark thru western hemisphere |
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| the only successful slave revolt; take over and name Island Haiti |
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| Locations where syncretic religions usually did not create an institutional structure or establish hierarchy of priests and officials; became exceedingly popular. |
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| Abolitionist; wrote an autobiography that exposed the evils of slavery. |
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