Anabastists

• radicals that strongly disliked giving power to the state
• believe in seperation of church and state
• refused to hold any public offices or bear arms because they believed literally "thou shall not kill"
• believed all christians are priests and believed a person can get baptized whenever they are connected to god unlike the catholics and protestands who baptized infants

• means to declare invalid
• King Henry VIII(8) wanted to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon because he had a daughter with her but he wanted a son
• Therefore he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn 
• the pope(Catholic Church) didn't want to annul his marrige to Catherine 
• he made his own Church of England

• John Calvin "invented" Calvinism
• stood close to Luther
• believed in justification by faith (faith in God in order to reach salvation
• predestination (God has already determined who goes to heaven or hell

• Baldassare Castiglione was an author
• wrote "The Book of the Coutier" 1528
• believed that nobles are required to accomplish certan duties and act their part in society
• believed being noble is born not made
• presumed nobles have grace,talent, and character which they must reveal their achievements with grace and not hide it

• Holy Roman Emperor 
• ruled emense empire consisting of Spain, lands of Bohemia, Hungary, low countries such as MIlan and Naples
• his dynsasty=hapsburg
• had many problems such as opposition to Pope Clement VIII
• Pope Clement joined the side of the French king which caused many people to oppose Charles V
• Ottoman turks were advancing into the eastern part of his empire causing him to send troops there
• the empire waws several hundrard territorial states which enabled themselves from the emporers authority
• brought military forces to Germany but unable to defeat the princes, he sought peace with them
• Religious welfare ended by Peace of Augsburg

• Northern Renaissance humanism
• major goal=reform catholic church
• believed if you read classics and works of god, you will become mor pious (devoted)
• believed in order to change society-must change humans who make it

• humanism was based on the study of clssical
• Petrach started to lok for forgotten latin manuscript (classical latin by the ancient greeks and romans)
• the emphasis on classical latin led to the widespead of writings in classical latin but some writers wrote in the vernacular (the language spoken in their own country

• special body for enforcing moral discipline
• had the right to punish people for various crimes such as dancing, drinking, etc
• there was  a consistory in Geneva made by Calvin which made the church had political and spiritual powers

• Council of Trent= a group of cardinals, bishops, archbishops, abbots, and theologians that met in the city of Trent
• it is another pillar of catholic reformation that taught traditional catholic teachings-reaffirmed catholic beliefs instead of protestant beliefs
• believed in purgatory and indulgences increased (even though the selling of indulgences were forbidden)
• believed that good work and faith were necessary for salvation

• Dowry=the money/anything that was valuable was given from the wife's family to the husband at marriage
• in urban renaissance, to insure security, family bonds and marraiges, were needed
• parents arranged children's marragies in which the dowry is important

• best known christian humanists
• believed that christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis instead of a system of beliefs that shows people on how to be saved 
• fasts and relics were not important

• a technique in painting that is done on fresh plaster with water-based paints
• with this technique, Masuccio made paintings have depths and come alive
• mastered the laws of perspective which created 3-d shapes

• the years between 1490-1520
• associated with three known artists-Da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo
• It is a time where paintings and the arts flourished

• Hapsburg family (dynasty)
• Charles V: See charles V (#5)
• Charles V- ruler of immense empire 
• had many problems
• Pope Clement VII joined sides with the French king which cased many people to dislike Charles V

• is a nonreligious philosophy that emphasized human values
• humanists= people who studies grammer, poetry, history, etc
• based on works of ancient Greeks and Romans
• important in Renaissance-the rebirth of new aspects of life and new ideas

• is a remission of a punishment of a sin
• a person can be released from all or parts of the punishment for sin by the pope

• see Calvinists (card #3)
• invented Calvinism and when he was converted to Protestantism, was forced to flee Catholic France
• published Instistutes of the CHritian Religion
• close to Luther
• believed in justification by faith alone in order to reach salvation
• predestination

• Luther believed that humans are not saved by their works but by faith in God alone
• if have faith in god, they are worthy of salvation
• however, catholic teachings stressed that both faith and good work were needed to gain personal salvation (Luther disagreed)

• see annul (card # 2)
• king of Enlgand
• wanted to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon in which he had a daughter with
• pope wouldnt let him devoce her theref ore he "broke" with the Catholic Church and divorced Catherine of Aragon with England's own church (Church of England)

• Niccolo Machiavelli=famous author
• wrote a book called "The Prince"
• main idea was to keep political power
• blelieved tha princes in power should act or the sake of the state and let their personal beliefs in rest
• rejected the idea that rulers should follow and behave based on Christian principles

• well known artist, painter, scultor, and architector
• made the ideal image of buman beings with perfect proportions of the Sistine Chapel
• beauty of human figures is meant to be in the reflection of divine beauty

Northern European Artists styles

• important nothern school of the art= Flanders 
• flemish painter Jan can Eyck used oil paints
• imated nature not by using perspective (Italians did that) but by observing reality and portraying details the best he could
• affect greatly by Italians (Albercht Durer)
• used perspective and the idea of the northern artists 

• treaty that ended religious welfares in Germany
• many states in Germany were able to free itself fromthe emperors authority
• Charles V was defeated by the Lutheran princes which caused him to make this treaty

• belief that god has already determined in advance who shall be saved an who shall be ill-fated
• nothing can change this because the person's fate is already determined

• Christine de Pizan-French womn who was best known for her works in defense of women
• "The Book of the City of Ladies" 
• argued that women could learn as well as men if they attended the same schools

• a person who is morally unprincipled person
• Predestination-a person who is fated to be damned (ill-fated) see predestination

• acceptance into Heaven
• leaders of the Catholic church used collections of relics and indulgences as means to salvation

• worldy view
• society in the Renaissance had began to open up new view points and secular achievement
• society began to accept new ideas and increase wealth and the way of life

• Dante
• Italian vernacular (famous)

• a document written by Martin Luther that challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church. thousands of copies were sent all parts of Germany (the writing press)

• see Machiavelli ( card #21)
• a novel written by him
• main idea was that nobles keep political power and not let personal beliefs get in the way

• peasants in the Middle Ages made up the overwelhming mass of the third estate
• 85-90% of the total Eurpoean population 
• but serfdom began to decrease 
• townspeople (bourgeoisie) made up the rest of the third estate (more elaborate description is in the French Revolution)

• renaissance was largely an urban society
• powerful-city states became the centers of Italian politcal economic and social life
• the urban society became fore worldy (secular)
• this increased wealth 

• city-state in Italy that flourished during Renaissance
• trade empire became more profitable
• it drew traders from all over the world like it served a link between the Asia and Europe
• Republic-elected a leader called the Doge (in reality it was controlled by a group of merchant-aristocrats)