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(1839)
British traded addictive drug to China
British fought to keep trade "open"
British successful-->Treaty of Nanjing |
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(1842)
British forced China to agree to harsh terms
-reparations, open ports to British trade, give Hong Kong to Britain and China had to grand British citizens extraterritoriality |
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| areas an outside power claimed exclusive trading powers |
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| peasants rose in revolt; angry w/poverty and corruption of Qing officials (weakened China) |
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| boxers assulted foreign communities (Japan and the West crush uprisings and forced China to grant more concession to foreign powers) |
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fudal system (isolated)-->matthew perry opened ports
treaky of Kanagawa |
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| agreed to open 2 Japanese ports to US and soon won trading rights |
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Emperor Meiji ("enlightened rule")
strong central gov't , military power, & social change
Moderization, Westerization, and Industrializaiton |
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-ambition of Korea led Japan to wage war w/China
-won & gained Taiwan and treaty ports in China and Korea is a Japanese protectorate |
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-b/c of conflicted interests in Korea
-won and got complete control of Korea and Manchuria |
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| -economic interest; colonialism; strategic sites for commercial and naval ships; spiritual campaigns |
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| believed imperialism was an attractive alternative to civil war |
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| New Technology (imperialism time period) |
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| steamships, new canals (Suez/Panama); railroads; military (ex: muzzle loading muskets; rifled machine gun; maxim gun) |
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-book: AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF THE WEALTH OF NATIONS
-laissez faire capitalism: free trade, free enterprise, competition, private property, and supply and demand |
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-book: THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO and DAS KAPITAL
-socialism and communism theory applied to an industrial society
-believe social problems were inevitable results of a capitalist society (2 classes-capitalists and proletariat) |
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| Marx Labor Theory of Values (in a capitalist system) |
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Definition
-workers were denied their share of profits
-value of good determined by amnt of labor
-diff. btwn the value of wages and value of work as sold was pocketed by members of capitalist class
-yet workers hired at wages far less then the goods produced |
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| The proletariat would have to rise in revolution against bourgeoise |
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-dictatorship of the proletariat
-payment in accordance w/work performed
-ownership and operation by the state of all means of production, distribution, and exchange |
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-classless society (no one would live by owning-living only by working)
-the state would disappear; wage system be abolished; citizens work according to their abilities |
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| -book: ESSAYS ON THE PRINCIPAL POPULATION |
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-Utopian Reforms
(perfect states/communities-->worked at first then failed) |
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-Sadler commission/ SADLER REPORT
(hearings that would take place for workers) |
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| Positive Effects of Imperialism |
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Definition
-increase in trade
-job creation
-inventions
-urbanization
-mass productions (cheaper products)
-uniting of countries |
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| Negative Effects of Imperialism |
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Definition
-pollution
-over population
-child labor
-poor working/ living conditions
-limited schooling
-crime
-disease |
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| -transformed agarian and handicraft--> industry and machine manufacture (led to increased productivity and lower costs) |
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| -flying shuttle (speeded up the weaving process and stimulated demand for thread) |
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| -general-purpose steam engine; burned coal |
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| -Bessemer converter; a refined blast furnace that made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large quantities |
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| -1st steam power locomotive |
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| -it replaced the putting-out system and protoindustrial factories and became the characteristic method of production in industrial eco |
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| -protested/went on a rampage b/c of low wages and unemployment (handicraft workers) |
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| Mass production-Eli Whitney and Henry Ford |
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-cotton gin
-introduced the assembly line |
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| Women In an Industrial Society |
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| -encouraged them to devote themselves to traditional pursuits such as the raising of children, management of the home, and the preservation of traditional family values |
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| -("wealthy cliques") similar to trusts and cartels; operated and controlled companies in several industries |
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-1700: introduction of Jetro Tull's Seed Drill
-planning crops in an organized manor (better food production--> population explosion-->more demand for crops) |
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| -enclosure movement (one left to increase fertility for next season) |
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| Origination of Industrialization |
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Definition
| -Great Britain b/c of its isolation (in Europe there was conflict and instability); political stability (good resources; revers for means of transportation and power) |
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| Requirements for and Industrial Society |
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Definition
| 1-land and geography 2-labour supply 3-available capital for investment 4-management of society 5-a stable government |
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| Reasons for Ottoman Empire in Decline |
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Definition
-military tactics were behind European ones
-declining effectiveness of central gov't (private armies made up-->loss of military powers)
-lost much territory (lost trade revenues)
-much financial dependency |
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-politically savvy; restoration of military (European style) remodeled institutions along Western lines
-had conflict w/Janissaries (provoked spiritual opposition) |
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-"reorganization" Era-drew inspiration from Enlightenment; Used French Legal system; Edu reforms
(OTTOMAN) |
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| -views=secular renovations; agitated for individual freedom |
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| -call for universal suffrage, equality befor law, freedom of religion (took over-->dethroned Hamid and established Mehmed V Rashid as puppet sultan) |
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| Reasons for Russian Decline |
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Definition
-eco. and technological disparity btwn them and western European power
-tsars ruled a multilingual, multicultural empire (autocratic regime)
-Crimean War demonstrates the weakness of an agarian society based on free labor (Russia could not afford expansionist ambitions) |
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| -"removing the unfavorable conditions" |
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| -defeats Napoleon-scorched earth policy; Poland gained after the Congress of Vienna |
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| -had Decembrist Revolt of 1825; Russia defeated in Crimean war; need for reform and moderization |
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| -Liberator who ended the institution of serfdom; industrialization started in Russia |
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| -re-instituted Russification policy; "autocracy-nationality-orthodoxy" |
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| -conditions in slums/factories terrible; defeat in Russo-Japanese WAr; "Bloody Sunday"; creation of the Duma, Russian parliament/national legislature |
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| Provisional Government in Russia |
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Definition
| -Alexander Kerensky tried to make Russia a democracy |
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-Nov 1917 democracy gov't overthrown by force and the Bolshevik (communist) party
-led by Vladimir I. Lenin who promised "peace, land, and bread" and a"workers state" |
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