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World history 2
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168
History
9th Grade
10/29/2013

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Cards

Term
Hominid
Definition
humanlike creature that walked upright
Term
Where did the earliest hominid live?
Definition
They lived in Africa
Term
When did the earliest hominid live in Africa?
Definition
4 million years ago
Term
Olduvai Gorge
Definition
East Africa; discovery of the oldest hominid (at that time); 1.8 million years ago
Term
Donald Johanson
Definition
Challenged that scientists assumed that earliest creatures used tools
Term
Lucy
Definition
A new skeleton in Ethiopia
Term
Australopithecus
Definition
Common ancestor for several types of early human life
Term
Australopithecus2
Definition
flourished in eastern and southern Africa
Term
Why Lucy challenged the traditional idea?
Definition
1. 3.5 million years ago 2. small brain 3. no stone tools and artifacts 4. walk upright
Term
what's the usual idea?
Definition
stood up free hands--->make and use tools--->large brains
Term
Homo habilis
Definition
2.5-1.6 million years ago
Term
Homo habilis
Definition
hominid with larger brains; handy human; they may use stone tools.
Term
Homo erectus
Definition
had arms and legs in modern human proportion
Term
Homo erectus' achievement
Definition
they were first to leave Africa
Term
Homo sapiens
Definition
rapid brain growth and mastered fire
Term
Homo sapiens descended to?
Definition
1. Homo sapiens sapiens 2. Homo Neanderthals
Term
Where were Neanderthal found?
Definition
Valley in Germany
Term
What's Neanderthal's achievement?
Definition
1. they made their clothes from animal skins
Term
What's Neanderthal's achievement?
Definition
2. they were first to bury their dead
Term
what does the burial of dead indicate?
Definition
It indicates a belief in an afterlife
Term
Homo sapiens sapiens
Definition
first to have an anatomy similar to people today
Term
Homo sapiens sapiens
Definition
africa 150000-200000 years ago
Term
Homo sapiens sapiens
Definition
spread out Africa 100000 years ago
Term
Homo sapiens sapiens
Definition
replaced earlier hominids in Europe and Asia
Term
Out-of-Asia theory
Definition
a.k.a. replacement theory
Term
Multiregional Model
Definition
development of hominids occurred different locations in Africa.
Term
something about human
Definition
all humans belong to the same subgroup of human beings
Term
How did hominids spread all over the world?
Definition
They moved 2,3 miles each generation and they did the same thing for thousands years
Term
The difference between history and prehistory
Definition
History was written down but prehistory is before the stuffs were written down
Term
Earth
Definition
rotating ball
Term
Circumcenter of earth
Definition
40000km
Term
globe
Definition
scale models of these called globes to represent the Earth
Term
problems with globes
Definition
bulky and not very practical for use
Term
what did people do to solve the problem above?
Definition
Mapmakers ---->map projection
Term
A projection
Definition
flat, usually paper version of the real thing
Term
Mercator map projection
Definition
popilar type of map----most used for navigation
Term
The equal parts of earth
Definition
hemispheres
Term
The halves
Definition
northern hemisphere, southern hemisphere, eastern hemisphere, western hemisphere.
Term
Equator
Definition
the line divides northern and southern hemisphere
Term
Equator
Definition
An imaginary line
Term
meridians
Definition
vertical line divides the earth into 2 equal parts and run through North and South Poles
Term
Something about meridians and equator
Definition
many meridians but only one equator
Term
prime meridian
Definition
the line divides western and eastern hemispheres
Term
prime
Definition
first or most important
Term
prime meridians
Definition
passes Greenwich, England
Term
The lines run left to right
Definition
lines of latitude
Term
Line of latitude at the center of the map
Definition
equator
Term
The prime meridian
Definition
line of longitude that divides the east and west
Term
Degree
Definition
Basic unit on map
Term
something about degree
Definition
start at a point on equator and follow all way round--->360 degrees
Term
hemisphere (half of the earth)
Definition
180 degrees (east, west)
Term
something about degree
Definition
The degree marks on the equator represents the points where lines of longitude intersect
Term
For points on the map that fall between gridlines
Definition
people must make guesses
Term
aspects of the prehistory
Definition
full of conflicts
Term
Neolithic Revolution
Definition
the revolution occurred in the Neolithic Age period of human history
Term
Neolithic
Definition
"new stone" in Greek
Term
The real change in Neolithic Revolution
Definition
the shift from the hunting animal and gathers food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis
Term
systematic agriculture
Definition
the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis
Term
Domestication of animals
Definition
for human use, source of meat and milk and wool, muscle power
Term
An agricultural revolution
Definition
growing crops and taming animals
Term
When did systematic agriculture develop around the world
Definition
8000 B.C.---5000 B.C.
Term
Cubers
Definition
People grew root crops
Term
three crops that Mesoamericans grew
Definition
beans, squash, maize
Term
Neolithic farming village
Definition
the permanent settlements caused by growing crops on regular basis
Term
Catalhuyuk
Definition
32 acres, 6700 B.C.--5700 B.C. 6000 inhabits
Term
how did people in Catalhuyuk enter their houses?
Definition
from the holes in the rooftops
Term
Neolithic Revolution effects 1
Definition
people settled in villages-->need to build walls for protection
Term
Neolithic Revolution effects 2
Definition
storing surplus encouraged trade
Term
the inequality cause by systematic agriculture
Definition
men took more responsibility---->men became dominant role in society
Term
metals
Definition
heating metal bearing rocks--->metal to liquid
Term
How to use liquid metal to make weapons and tools?
Definition
pure the liquid metal to molds and casts
Term
copper
Definition
the first metal to be used in making tools
Term
bronze
Definition
combining copper and tin
Term
bronze age
Definition
wide use of bronze 3000 B.C.--1200 B.C.
Term
Neolithic Age following effects
Definition
Neolithic Age sets the stage for major change to come mater farming---->more complex and wealthier societies
Term
Some important crops' names
Definition
Barley, wheat
Term
what was the direct influence of agriculture?
Definition
it provided people with steady food supply
Term
Culture
Definition
the way of life
Term
how did the earliest people survive?
Definition
simple cultures + nomadic ife
Term
the effect of settling in permanent villages
Definition
It made cultures more complex
Term
Civilization
Definition
complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements
Term
six characteristics of civilizations
Definition
cities, government, religion, social structure, art, writing
Term
What did government offer to people?
Definition
the smooth interaction between groups and individuals
Term
What's government's responsibility?
Definition
1. organize armies to protect population 2. make laws to regulate subjects' lives
Term
Religion
Definition
explain the forces of nature and people's roles in the world
Term
rituals
Definition
what people did to win god's favors
Term
priest
Definition
the person who supervises the rituals
Term
The social structure of the earliest civilizations
Definition
1. upper class 2. free people 3. slave class
Term
organized trade
Definition
urban population finished goods and then exchanged raw materials with neighboring population
Term
Trade's effect
Definition
new civilization contacts with one another
Term
the constitution of civilizations
Definition
civilizations constitute noting less than a revolutionary stage in the growing of human society
Term
Writing
Definition
People wrote to keep the accurate records
Term
writing 2
Definition
people wrote to create some creative expression----->world's first word of literature
Term
Why did architects build temples and pyramids?
Definition
1. to worship & sacrifice 2. burial of kings or important people
Term
New Revision
Definition
new revision bases on new evidence
Term
revisionist
Definition
which believes that agriculture brings negative influences to people
Term
Progressivist
Definition
which believes that agriculture brings positive influences to people
Term
Jared Diamond
Definition
A professor works at UCLA School of Medicine.
Term
traditional view of hunting and gathering
Definition
this way of life is nasty, brutish, and short. Since no food is grown and little is stored, there is (in this view) no respite from the struggle that starts anew each day to find wild foods and avoid starving.
Term
The traditional view of agriculture
Definition
agriculture is an efficient way to get more food for less work
Term
diet of hunter-gathers
Definition
It provides more protein and a better balance of other nutrients.
Term
The negative influences brought by agriculture
Definition
Malnutrition, starvation, epidemic diseases, and deep class divisions
Term
Why do scientists infer that Africa is the origin of Hominids?
Definition
Because most fossils of the earliest hominids were found there
Term
Where did Australopithecus and Homo Erectus co-existed?
Definition
In the southeast Africa
Term
How long did Australopithecus and Homo Erectus co-existed?
Definition
200 thousands years
Term
Why did Australopithecus extinct?
Definition
Because Australopithecus and Homo Erectus may have many conflicts, but Homo Erectus survived in the competition.
Term
Who was the first to leave Africa
Definition
Homo Erectus
Term
How did Homo Sapiens Sapiens spread all over the word?
Definition
Because millions of years ago, land didn't separate into many parts therefore there must be some ways for HSS to migrate to other parts of world.
Term
Why did Homo Erectus survive from the competition with Australopithecus
Definition
Because Homo Erectus had larger brains therefore they had better tools
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Nature selects the spices which were best able to adopt to its environment and survive
Term
Overall Migration
Definition
Africa--northwest-->Europe--east-->Asia--cross Beringia land bridge-->America
Term
What does a thesis should contain?
Definition
stance on a certain topic and reasons
Term
The effect of Introduction
Definition
opening statement ----> attracts readers to the paper
Term
Mediterranean Sea
Definition
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land
Term
Persian Gulf
Definition
The Persian Gulf is located in Western Asia between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. It is an extension of the Indian Ocean.
Term
Arabian Sea
Definition
The Arabian Sea is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the south by northeastern Somalia, on the east by India, and on the west by the Arabian Peninsula.
Term
Bay of Bengal
Definition
The Bay of Bengal, the largest bay in the world, forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean.
Term
Indian Ocean
Definition
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface.
Term
Aegean Sea
Definition
The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas
Term
Red Sea
Definition
The Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden.
Term
Black Sea
Definition
The Black Sea is a sea in south-eastern Europe. It is bounded by Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean and the Aegean Seas and various straits.
Term
Tigris River
Definition
The Tigris River is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia.
Term
Euphrates
Definition
Euphrates is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.
Term
Indus River
Definition
The Indus River is a major river in Asia which flows through Pakistan. It also has courses through western Tibet and northern India.
Term
Ganges River
Definition
The Ganges is a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh.
Term
Yellow River
Definition
The Yellow River is the second-longest river in Asia
Term
Yangtze River
Definition
The Yangtze River known in China as the Chang Jiang, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world.
Term
Nile River
Definition
Nile River is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world.
Term
Mesopotamia
Definition
located in what is now southern Iraq.
Term
Inventions such as written languages
Definition
improved the quality of Mesopotamians' lives
Term
Mesopotamia
Definition
the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Term
Mesopotamia
Definition
was at the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent
Term
Fertile Crescent
Definition
an arc of land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf.
Term
Civilizations
Definition
Civilizations depend on large permanent settlements
Term
Fertile River Valleys
Definition
can support a large population are ideal locations for such settlements
Term
Mesopotamian civilization
Definition
Assyria, Akkad, and Sumer.
Term
Sumerians
Definition
The creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization.
Term
The growth of religion
Definition
A harsh climate and frequent famines convinces Mesopotamians that unreliable supernatural forces controlled this world
Term
According to the belief of Mesopotamians
Definition
Humans were supposed to obey and serve gods
Term
According to the belief of Mesopotamians
Definition
Humans were inferior to the gods and could never be sure what gods might do to or for them
Term
Polythesitic
Definition
believe in many gods
Term
Independent cities around 3000 B.C. in Mesopotamia
Definition
Eridu, Ur, Uruk
Term
City-states
Definition
The basic units of Sumerians civilization
Term
Mud bricks
Definition
easily shaped by hand, were left to back in the hot sun until they were hard enough to use for building.
Term
something about mud bricks
Definition
mud bricks are still using in the rural areas of southwest asia today
Term
The most prominent building in a Sumerian city
Definition
was the temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of the city
Term
Ziggurat
Definition
atop a massive stepped tower
Term
Theocracy
Definition
a government by divine authority
Term
Bronze
Definition
cooper+tin
Term
Advantages of cooper
Definition
a lower melting point--->easier to cast harder, melted down and remade when it wore out
Term
Three major groups of Sumerian city
Definition
nobles, commoners and slaves
Term
Brahman
Definition
The universal creative force
Term
Reincarnation (Samsara)
Definition
Transmigration of the soul. Soul moves one body to another after death.
Term
Dharma
Definition
Spiritual duty of each caste.
Term
Puja
Definition
Ritual worship in Hinduism.
Term
Ahimsa
Definition
Hindu belief of no violence.
Term
Moksha
Definition
Union with Brahman.
Term
Karma
Definition
Positive or negative energy created by action of this life.
Term
Caste
Definition
Rigid social class based on spiritual purity.
Term
Shih Huang Ti
Definition
the first person who unified the whole ancient China.
Term
Aristocracy
Definition
an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed from one generation to another
Term
Conscius
Definition
was known to the Chinese to as The First Teacher
Term
Confucianism
Definition
the system of Confucian ideas
Term
Daoism
Definition
a system of ideas based on teaching of Laozi
Term
Legalism
Definition
proposed that human beings were evil by nature
Term
Himalaya
Definition
the highest mountains in the world
Term
Sanskrit
Definition
an Indo-European language
Term
Varnas
Definition
social groups that ranked people from high to low
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