Prehistory

East Africa

100,000 - 400,000 years ago

Nomads (hunter-gatherers)

Simple stone tools

Used/Made fire

Lived in clans

Oral language

Created "cave art"

- Developed agriculture (farming - domesticated plants)

- Domesticated (tamed/raised) animals

- Advanced stone tools

- Pottery

- Weaving

- Permanent settlements

Stonehenge = monument in England

- Started during Neolithic Age

- Finished during Bronze Age

Fertile land

Water for irrigation

Protection from invasions

Located in Mesopotamia

Independent city-states ruled by kings

Polytheistic - built ziggurats as temples

Cuneiform = first written langauge

First to use wheels

Math system based on 60

Located in Mesopotamia

First united kingdom/empire

First to use bronze weapons

Located in Mesopotamia

Greatest ruler = Hammurabi

Law Code = Code of Hammurabi

Covered Fertile Crescent and Egypt

Greatest ruler = Assurbanipal

Great library

First to use iron weapons

Cruel to those they conquered

"Neo-Babylonians"

Located in Fertile Crescent

Nebuchadnezzar built Hanging Gardens

Temples = ziggurats (studied night sky)

Nebuchadnezzar

Originated along Mediterranean coast

Established colonies across Mediterranean

Expert sailors and traders

Known for purple dye

Spread culture through trade

Created first letter alphabet

Originated between Mediterranean and Jordan River Valley

First monotheistic religion - Judaism

Written law code = Ten Commandments

Montheism

Holy book = Torah

Law code = Ten Commandments

Holy Land = Jerusalem

Nile River Valley

Polytheistic

Ruled by Pharaohs

Pyramids and Mummies

Hieroglyphics/Papyrus

Cubits = measurement system

365-Day Calendar

Medicine: set broken bones, heartbeats

Characteristics of Zoroastrianism

*Prophet = Zoroaster

*God = Ahura Mazda

Holy Book = Avesta

*Belief in 2 opposing forces in universe

*Belief in afterlife influenced Christianity and Judaism

*Largest empire in the world

*Imperial bureaucracy - divided empire into provinces run by governors

*Road system = Royal Road

*Tolerance of people they conquered

*Official religion = Zoroastrianism

*Imperial bureaucracy - split empire into 20 provinces run by governors who answered to Emperor

*Road system (Royal Road) to make communication, travel, and trade for effective/efficent

What impact did the Aryans have on India?

*Became dominant force in Indus/Ganges River Valleys

*Introduced Caste System

*Political unification of India

*Spread Buddhism

*Free hospitals

*Veterinary clinics

*Good roads

*Golden age of classical Indian culture

*Math - number system, concept of zero

*Medicine - set broken bones

*Astronomy - gravity, earth is round

*New textiles (cloth)

*Literature

Hinduism and Buddhism

*Belief in many forms of one God

*Reincarnation based on karma

*Sacred (holy) writings: Vedas and Upanisahds

*Belief in Caste System

*Spread along major trade routes

*Founder = Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)

*Buddha = "Enlightenend One"

*Goal = reach Nirvana (achieve enlightenment and escape cycle of reincarnation)

*Reincarnation based on karma

*Four Noble Truths

*Eightfold Path

1. There is suffering

2. Suffering has a cause (greed)

3. Suffering can end

4. The path to end suffering is the Eightfold Path

*Civil Service System

*Silk

*Paper

*Porcelain

Contributions of Confucianism in forming the social order of China

*Belief that humans are good, not bad

*Respect for elders

*Code of politness (still used today)

*Emphasis on education

*Ancestor worship

*Humility

*Simple life and inner peace

*Harmony with nature

*Yin/Yang represent opposites and harmony in nature

*Agriculture - limited arable land

*Commerce and spread of Hellenic (Greek) culture

*Shift from barter to money economy (coins)

*Mountainous terrain isolated city-states, which formed independently

*Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life

*Overpopulation led to colonization

*Natural phenomena (nature, weather, natural disasters)

*Human qualities (why people are the way they are)

*Life events (births, death, sickness)

*Goddess of Marriage

*Husband = Zeus

*Son = Ares

*King/Father of Gods

*God of Thunder and Lightning

*Wife = Hera

*Kids = Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Ares

*Goddess of Wisdom, War, and Crafts

*Father = Zeus

*Patron goddess of Athens

*God of the Sun

*Also god of archery, healing, music, poetry

*Father = Zeus

*Twin Sister = Artemis

*Goddess of the Hunt and Wild

*Father = Zeus

*Twin Brother = Apollo

*God of War

*Parents = Zeus/Hera

*Patron god of Sparta

M-O-T-D

*Monarchy

*Oligarchy

*Tyranny

*Democracy

*Economy based on trade

*Cultural center

*Emphasized art, education, architecture

*First democracy

*Economy based on farming

*Focused on military and war

*Militaristic and aggressive

*Didn't care about art, culture, or education

*Ruled by an oligarchy

*Rigid social structure

*Preserved their political independence

*Athenian victory left them in control of Aegean Sea

*A strong Athens continued innovations in government and culture following the war ("Golden Age of Athens")

*Slowed the Gree cultural advance

*Weakened Greek political power

*Left Greece vulnerable to invasion

*Blend of Greek and oriental cultures throughout Alexander the Great's empire

*Spread through trade

• Protection of eastern frontier
• Distance from Germanic invasions in west
• Crossroads of trade
• Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordering a natural harbor

• Greek language
• Roman laws
• Architecture
• Government
• Greek philosophy

Greatest Byantine Emperor

• Codified Roman laws = Justinian's Code (basis of European law codes)
• Reconquered former Roman territories in the west
• Expanded trade
• Made Constantinople more beautiful

Inspired by Christianity and imperial pwoer

• Mosaics = pictures made of small pieces of tile or glass
• Icons = religious images (pictures)

Eastern (Greek) Orthodox

• Centered in Constantinople
• Emperor = supreme authority
• Patriarch = head of church
• Langauge = Greek
• Allowed priests to marry

Roman Catholic

• Centered in Rome
• Pope = Supreme authority/head of church
• Langauge = Latin
• Priest = celibate (not allowed to marry)

• Brought into contact through trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea
• Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia/Eastern Europe
• Adoption of Greek alphabet to Slavic language = Cyrillic alphabet
• Church architecture and religious art

Created the Cyrillic Alphabet by adopting the Greek alphabet to the Slavic languages so people of Russia/Eastern Europe could read the Bible

What type of art form is this?

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What type of art form is this?

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Roman culture

Christian beliefs

Customs of Germanic tribes

• King of Franks
• Holy Roman Emperor
• Revived Roman culture ("New Rome")
• Spread Christianity
• Built churches, roads, and schools
• Expanded trade

• Power of Church was established in political life
• Increased power of both Charlemange and Pope
• United government and Church

• Silk Road (Asia to Mediterranean)
• Maritime routes across Indian Ocean
• Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa
• Northern European routes to Black Sea
• Western European sea and river routes
• South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia

• William the Conqueror - leader of Norman Conquest who united most of England
• Common law began during regin of Henry II
• King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the king's power
• 100 Years' War against France (England lost) helped define England as a nation

• Hugh Capet establishd the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty expanded their control of most of France - laid foundations for French monarchy
• 100 Years' War against England (France won) helped define France as a nation
• Joan of Arc was a unifying force
  

• Ferdinand and Isabella unified their country and expelled the Muslims (Reconquista) and Jews (Inquisition)
• Spanish Empire in Western Hemisphere expanded under Charles V

• Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation
• Power was centralized in the hands of the czar (tsar)
• The Orthodox Church linked Russia with Byzantine Empire

• Pope Urban's speech calling for crusaders (1095 AD)
• The capture of Jerusalem during 1st Crusade (1099)
• Founding of Crusader states throughout Middle East after 1st Crusade
• Loss of Jerusalem to Muslims (Saladin) - 3rd Crusade
• Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders during 4th Crusade

• Weakened the Pope and nobles - strengthened monarchs (kings)
• Stimulated (increased) trade between Western Europe and Middle East
• Bitterness between Christians, Muslims and Jews
• Weakened Byzantine Empire
  

Nomadic warriors from Central Asia - invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states of Southwest Asia - created very large empire

• Decline in population
• Scarcity of labor - workers could demand better conditions and higher wages
• Towns freed from feudal obligations - end of feudalism
• Decline of church influence
• Disruption of trade

• Among few who could read or write
• Worked in monasteries
• Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin - made knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available to Europe
• Laid foundations for rise of universities in Europe

Led the Jews (Hebrews) in the flight from slavery in Egypt - given Ten Commandments by God

(prophet for Christianity and Islam, as well)

Mauryan emperor (India)

• Spread Buddhism (missionaries)
• Free hospitals
• Veterinary clinics
• Good road system

Leader of Athens during its "Golden Age"

• Rebuilt Athens after its destruction during the Persian Wars (Parthenon)
• Extended democracy to more people

Greek poet - wrote Iliad and Odyssey about the Trojan War

• Roman general and member of the First Triumvirate
• Became "Dictator for Life" after defeating Pompey
• Assassinated by Senate (afraid of his power)

• Adopted son of Julius Caesar
• Member of 2nd Triumvirate
• Defeated Marc Anthony/Cleopatra - became 1st Emperor of Roman Empire

Roman Emperor

• First Christian emperor - legalized Christianity in Empire
• Moved capital of Empire to Byzantium - Constantinople

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer - wrote The Prince (guidebook for getting and keeping power - absolute rule, ends justify means, better to be feared than loved...)

• Monotheistic (Allah = Arabic for "God")
• Holy book = Quran
• Duties of Muslims = Five Pillars
• Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets (Jesus and Moses)

1. Statement of Faith
2. Daily Prayer
3. Giving Alms
4. Fasting during Ramadan
5. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca)

Islamic Contributions and Achievements

Universities

Arabic numerals (adapted from India)

Algebra

Medicine (hospitals, medical encylopedias)

Expansion of geographic knowledge (astrolabe)

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Africa:

- where man first emerged

- Important Kingdoms:

      - Ghana/Mali/Songhai

      - Zimbabwe

      - Axum

      - Egypt

      - Nubia/Kush

Europe

- Important civilizations/kingdoms:

     - Roman Empire

     - Greece

     - England

     - France

     - Spain

     - Rome

     - Scandinavia

     - Holy Roman Empire

England

Spain

Italian Peninsula (Rome)

Americas

Important Civilizations:

     - Aztec

     - Maya

     - Inca

Asia

Important Civilizations:

     - China

     - India

     - Russia

     - Mongols

     - Islamic Empire

     - Persian Empire

     - Mesopotamia

     - Japan

China

India

Alexander the Great's Empire

Aztec Empire