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| the earth-centered view of the universe; planets and the sun revolved around the earth |
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| Scientific Revolution (22) |
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| a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs |
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| the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun |
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| Italian scientist; built on new theories of astronomy; invented his own telescope; wrote the Starry Messenger; discovered Jupiter's moons; was prosecuted for his new ideas and lived under house arrest for the rest of his life |
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| a logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses |
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| English scientist; came up with a single theory of motion; said all parts of the universe worked together to make everything happen |
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| a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and though and the power of individuals to solve problems. |
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| the agreement by whih people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government. |
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| An Enlightenment philosopher; believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves; criticized absolute monarchy, favored self-government; made the natural rights of life, liberty and property. |
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| one of a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment |
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| during the Enlightenment, published books which targeted the clergy, the aristocracy, and the government; was sent to prison; fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech. |
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| French writer during the Enlightenment; devoted himself to the study of political liberty; believed that England had the best governement; led to the ideas of checks and balances |
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| Enlightenment philosophe; committed to individual freedom; thought that civilization corrupted people's natural goodness; believed in a direct democracy |
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| Enlightenment woman; wanted to improve women's status; thought women needed to be educated just as much as men; women's rights |
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| a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment. |
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| relating to a grand, ornate style that characterized European painting, music, and architecture in the 1600s and early 1700s |
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| relating to a simple, elegant style (based on the ideas and themes from ancient Greece and Rome) that characterized the arts in Europe during the late 1700s |
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| one of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of the subjects |
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| Ruler of Russia from 1762-1796; ruled with absolute authority but also sought to reform Russia; not many of her Enlightenment-based reforms were acted upon; gave nobles absolute power over serfs |
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| Declaration of Independance (22) |
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| a statement of the reasons for the American colonies' break with Britain, approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1776. |
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| American revolutionist, and later president; wrote the Declaration of Independance |
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| measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others |
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| a system of government in which poweris divided between a central authority and a number of individual states |
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| the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which protect citizens' basic rights and freedoms |
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| the political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution |
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| one of the three social classes in France before the French Revolution - the First Estate consisting of the clergy, the Second Estate of the nobility, and the Third Estate of everyone else |
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| King of France right before the French Revolution; was a weak, indecisive leader who spent too much money and was not liked by the people of France; was eventually beheaded |
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| Queen of France right before the French Revolution; spent a lot of money, made a lot of unpopular laws; had many enemies, was eventually beheaded |
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| an assembly of representitives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France |
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| a French congress established by representitives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people. |
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| a pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution. |
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| a wave of senseless panic that spead through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille |
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| Legislative Assembly (23) |
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| Maximilien Robespierre (23) |
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| started Reign of Terror in France; took over after Revolution; Jacobin; revolutionists, wanted to rid France of religion; killed a lot of people |
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| the period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Robespeirre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed. |
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