French Revolution

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Period where the French people revolt against the monarchy and the ancien regime (old order).  There are four stages that lead to democracy in France.

1.Radical Republic/Reign of Terror - Robespierre

2.Constitutional Monarchy - return of king

3. The Directory - Napolean emerges from group

4. Age of Napoleon - Napolean emperor

First

Clergy

Second

Nobles

Third

Bourgeois

1. deficit spending by the government, especially on wars
2. horrible harvest leading to high food expenses
3. failure to make economic reforms such as proposed by Jacques Necker

Effects of Napolean on Europe

1. Borders of nations had to be redrawn
2. Leaders (monarchs) had to be restored to power
3. The creation of the Concert of Europe – an alliance system

Causes of the spread and growth of the

Industrial Revolution

1. A rapid growth in the population along with money (from colonization) to invest in new ideas
2. A proper amount of natural resources (water, coal, iron ore, etc.)
3. Changes/advances in industries lead to new advances in other industries

Importance of geography during the

Industrial Revolution

1. The earliest forms of energy for machines was powered by water, so it was necessary for factories to be located on a waterway/river.

2. Goods could be transported easily on waterways rather than by land.

3. People moved from rural areas to urban areas to work in the factories.

Imperialism

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Empire building; to influence another region's culture, economy, government for that country's gain

Historically look at the division of Africa and Asia

Effects of the Industrial Revolution on Social Life and Culture

1. Education reforms
2. New voting (suffrage)
3. Equality for women and lower classes
4. People had to start keeping track of time during the day (due to working shifts)
5. Creation of a middle class

Africa is split and divided by European countries.

Only countries to remain independent were Ethiopia and Liberia.

Arguements for Imperialism

1. To make your own country more wealthy

2. To spread Christianity

3. To give aid to underdeveloped countries

4. To help modernize other countries

5. A need for essential resources

1. Done in the name of religion, but really is just an exercise in racism

2. pillaging another country's resources

3. Increase in slavery or treated natives as slaves

Main Causes of the Great War

A.K.A. World War I, the War to End All Wars

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

Nationalism

and examples of Nationalism

A pride and love of one's country

Examples:

1.  
   1. Russia believing that it was the protector of all Slavic people (even those who were citizens of other countries)
   2. France’s great pride and hatred of Germany that had roots in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870

The Onset of WWI -

or how the alliance system created a domino effect

1. Franz Ferdinand is assissinated by a member of the Black Hand in Sarajevo b/c of Austria-Hungary's plans of taking over Bosnia

2. Russia mobilizes

3. Germany declares war

5. France and Great Britain will declare war on Germany

1. trench war - western front

2. two front war (east and west)

3. modern war - lots of technology

a. planes

b. u-boats

c. chemicals

d. flame-throwers

e. new guns (Big Bertha)

1. US wanted to remain neutral

2. had loans out to many countries in Europe

3. Was trading partners with many countries in Europe

4. 120 Americans killed by Germans on the Lusitania

5. Americans were angered by the Zimmerman note

6. America will declare war on Germany and join the Allies

7. America will never sign the Treaty of Versailles

1. Germany declares an armistice - a cease fire (but did not surrender)

2. Sides will go to Paries for the peace talks to decide on the treaty

3. Germany not allowed into the peace talks

4. Treaty of Versailles ends the war

1. Ends WWI

2. big aim was to punish Germany (took away land, reparations, demilitarization, accept blame, etc.)

3. League of Nations is a product of the Treaty

4. treaty will cause tension and resentment to build in Europe in the coming years

5. redraw boundary lines in Europe

World War I

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Trench war

land between called "No man's land"

American president W. Wilson's plan to solve the problems in Europe (miltarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism) and end the war for good were written up in his 14 Points

1. freedom of the seas

2. Open diplomacy - no secret alliances

3. self-determination

4. demilitarization of all countries

5. no one country takes the blame

6. Create a League of Nations as a world policing/diplomacy organization

etc.

1. hyper-inflation will destroy the economy in Germany

2. a great depression will crush all of the economies in Europe

3. desperate times will allow for desperate measures (i.e. the rise of dictators that promise a better result)

4. the scare of communism becomes more real as the Soviet Union grows in strength

Dicators and Totalitarianism

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dictator - someone who rules with absolute authoriy and maintains authority through military force

totalitarianism - the government that controls all aspects of life and the dictator is not under rule of law and citizens' rights are not protected

examples -

Mussolini - Italy

Hitler - Germany

Stalin - Soviet Union

Tito - Japan

1. global depression

2. food shortages

3. loss of lives in WWI

4. failing new democratic governments

5. crushing war debts 

6. extreme anxiety and hopelessness of people living under desperate conditions

1.  
   1. They would believe and support Nazi ideas
   2. They would unquestionably follow Hitler
   3. They would enter the German army and fight for Nazi policy
   4. changes in education and extra-curricular activities

1. set up in Mein Kamp

2. all German-speaking people should be united in one nation

3. "Master Race" (Aryan race) should be cultivated

4. land is needed for Aryan race - will have to be taken by force

5. hated communists and all those who do not share Nazi beliefs (Jews, mentally ill, disabled, homosexuals, etc.)

to give in to the enemy's wants with the hope that they will want no more - used to contain enemy

Democratic governments tried this tactic with aggressive countries prior to WWI (Hitler, Mussolini, etc.)

DID NOT WORK!!!

the systematic killing of the Jewish people by the Nazis

WWII Events

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1. Hitler annexes Austria, Sudentenland

2. Hitler invades Czechoslavikia, Norway, Denmark, France

3. Allied retreat to Dunkirk

4. Battle of Britain

5. Lend-Lease program by the US

6. Pearl Harbor bombed - US declares war

7. D-Day and the retaking of Europe

8. Hitler kills himself and Germany surrenders

9. US bombs Japan - Japan surrenders

Effects of WWII

1. US and Soviet Union are the new super powers

2. Cold War begins

3. post-war boom will change American society

Cold War

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1. tension and distrust between democratic countires (US) and communist countries (Soviet Union)

2. fear of atomic war - mutually assured destruction

3. "Iron Curtain" - areas of Europe controlled by Soviets

4. US policy of Containment - or do not allow communism to spread

5. will have "hot flashes" - Korean War, Vietnam War, Cuban Missile Crisis