biggest reason for efficient production in the industrial revolution.  A system of assembling pieces in a

                                line was developed by Henry Ford

Mass Production 

– producing goods faster and more efficiently thanks to the assembly line

made up of the “bourgeois” who built factories, bought machines, and developed markets

                                              thanks to the new “Industrial Capitalism”  

evolved from Karl Marx's form of socialism; government controls the economy to regulate goods to

                            everyone

wrote “The Communist Manifesto” because they were appalled by the terrible working

                                                       conditions in the factories and blamed Industrial Capitalism

Great Britain's parliament passed this allowing the fencing of farm land which forced peasants to

                                           move into cities to work in factories

o maintain the new balance of power, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria

                                     met in conferences to maintain peace. France later joined

he rulers of the Congress of Vienna wanted to contain the forces of change (liberalism) that the French

                             Revolution had unleashed. They believed organized religion was need to restore order

people should be as free as possible from government restraint. Believed in the protection of civil liberties.

                       Equality of the law and freedom of assembly, speech and press were included in these civil liberties. Liberals

                       wanted these freedoms to be guaranteed in writing (like the American Bill of Rights)

Liberalism

Austria refused to help Russia in the Crimean War and Russia was defeated. Russia withdrew from

                       European affairs. Austria had no allies among the great powers and this helped open the door for Italy and

                       Germany to join together and unify

great powers had their right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order

                                              to restore legitimate monarchs to their throne

countries including Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met in Vienna (called the Congress of

                                    Vienna) to arrange a final peace settlement. These countries wanted to keep monarchs on the throne

                                    and adopted the idea of conservatism. The French Revolution had unleashed a sense of

                                    “nationalism” that these power didn't want to spread

leader of the French Revolution; brought a new sense of nationalism and pride to the rest of

                                          Europe

appointed Prime Minister of Prussia. Practiced realpolitik. Lead Prussia without regard to the

                                    parliament and his active foreign policy soon led to war

Camillo di Cavour

 appointed prime minister of Italy under King Emmanuel; made an alliance with the French so he  

                                     could defeat the Austrians

society and government owns and controls some means of production such as factories and

                      utilities

Austria had retained a monarchy during the nationalism spread. Hungary was formed when it split with

                      Austria and it formed a dual-monarchy yet Hungary had a larger sense of nationalism than Austria

consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

theory used to justify the dominance of Western nations in the late nineteenth century. Some people

                                   thought they could apply the theory of natural selection to modern human societies

__________  differed from old imperialism because resources were much more valuable and the colonization efforts

                                  by European Nations were economically motivated for resources in Asian and African societies

people native to a region that were pushed on to a reservation; an example would be the Zulu’s who

                                       constantly fought the British to defend their home but eventually lost

 a book written by Kipling that said that Africans were benefiting from the new imperialism, while

                                          white men were losing from it

Germany was suppose to quickly attack France and cross through Belgium. Since Belgium was neutral

                                  in the war, Great Britain declared war on Germany for bringing Belgium into the war

war done in trench systems, caused long periods of fighting that usually led to no advance. The First

                               Battle of Marne was fought in trenches for nearly four years

ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. Many countries used this to help gain the

                         support of citizens in the war

made by Woodrow Wilson to restore peace after World War I. Some points included reducing weapons and

                      ensuring self-determination

alliances between the great powers were the main reason for World War I

also known as William II, was the last emperor of Germany during WWI. He gave Austria-Hungary a

                               “blank check” stating that Germany would help Austria-Hungary after Wilhelm’s friend,  the archduke, was

                               assassinated

______ said that all citizens of the U.S. were in the war. Even if you weren’t on the battle lines, people at home

                                 still needed to be dedicated to the cause

an idea by Woodrow Wilson to create an international peacekeeping organization. This idea was

                                     accepted at the Paris Peace Conference in return of Wilson helping to decide territorial arrangements

a final peace treaty that harshly punished Germany for their actions(WWI). This gave the provinces of

                                       Alsace and Lorraine back to France

 a revolution in Russia lead by the working-class women. About 10,000 led a series of strikes in                  

                                   Petrograd because the government had started bread rationing. Soon later men joined and all the

                                   factories were shut down in Russia. Nicholas II ordered troops to break it up and shoot them if

                                   necessary. Most of the troops, however, joined the strike or refused to shoot the crowd. In result, a

                                   duma (legislative body) formed a new provisional government of Russia and Nicholas stepped down

wanted to try to change Russia without creating a new government. They were

                        outnumbered

guy who led the Bolsheviks who were dedicated to a violent revolution of the capitalist system

 policy of active governmental economic intervention. It increased many public programs like the Works

                    Progress Administration

used his powerful position in the Politburo party to gain support of thousands of appointed officials to carry

                           out Stalin’s communist ideas. He removed the Bolsheviks and created a powerful dictatorship

in 1925, the foreign ministers of Germany and France signed this treaty guaranteeing Germany’s

                                  western borders with France and Belgium

a modified version of the old capitalist system in Russia. Peasants were allowed to sell their

                                         produce openly and freely

a Nazi-controlled empire created under Hitler’s control (used propaganda and openly used terror to create

                        this totalitarian empire)

rose rapidly within the military ranks and used the military to revolt against the democratic government

                                  to start a bloody civil war. Spanish Civil War came to an end when he captured Madrid in 1939.

defined who was considered Jewish and stripped them of all rights including citizenship, taking arts,  

                                   and banning them from public buildings including schools and hospitals

abandoned war communism in favor his New Economic Policy idea because of

                              the terrible conditions of Russia

set economic goals for 5 year periods in Russia; were an attempt to switch from an agricultural economy

                                to an industrial economy overnight under Stalin’s command

a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

                       (ex: Russia under Stalin rule & Germany under Hitler rule)

Mao Zedong used these types of tactics (using unexpected methods like sabotage and deception to fight

                                the enemy) against Chiang Kai-shek’s forces

Franklin Roosevelt announced this policy rejecting the use of U.S. military force in Latin America;

                                           this was the first time in 30 years that the United States didn’t have troops in L.A.

a movement to support the unity of all Africans; lead by W.E.B. Du Bois & Marcus Garvey

a reform leader who united Arabs in the northern part of Arab Peninsula; established the kingdom of Saudi

                   Arabia in 1932

original leader of the Nationalists, he welcomed the idea of cooperation with the CCP (Chinese Communist

                         Party) so both parties could drive the imperialist powers out of China

a small minority in the Ottoman Empire; struggled to gain independence. The Ottomans accused them

                     of supporting Russia and killed nearly 1 million Armenians

young communist leader who thought that a Chinese revolution would be driven by the poverty-stricken

                         peasants rather than the urban working class

succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Nationalist Party; revolted against the CCP killing  

                                 thousands (known as the Shanghai Massacre). Chiang also founded the new Chinese republic at

                                 Nanjing

active in the Indian National Congress and the movement for Indian self-rule before WWI; Indian

                                    people refer to him as India’s “Great Soul” or Mahatma

Mao Zedong and 90,000 troops led a march almost 6,000 miles along China and finally arrived safely in the

                        hills. At the end of the march, only 9,000 troops remained

Rhineland, according to the Treaty of Versailles, was suppose to be a military-free zone with no weapons  

                            or fortifications. Germany, instead, disobeyed this order

Great Britain made no action against Germany’s fortifications in Rhineland because they didn’t want a

                             confrontation

"lightning war;” armored columns of 300 tanks with accompanying forces, supplies, and air support that

                     quickly broke through Polish lines

the German air force; Hitler used the air force to try and take over British air because he felt that was the only

                    way to defeat them. Germany underestimated Britain and Britain overthrew the German air force and germany

                    post-poned the invasion of Britain indefinitely

leader of Germany; he believed Germany needed more land to become a great civilization

(3rd reich)

leader of the Soviet Union; France and Great Britain attempted to make a treaty with him because they

                            knew they couldn’t take on Germany and Italy alone. he, however, had signed a non-aggression treaty

                           with Germany

prime minister of Great Britain; led the strategic attack across the Mediterranean, took Sicily, and

                                  advanced into Italy

(WWII)

____ denounced Great Britain’s ask for help because the U.S. had signed a series of neutrality acts that

                                     didn’t allow them to get involved in European wars. The U.S. sent supplies to Britain as the acts

                                     gradually relaxed. Eventually entered the war

the largest concentration camps under Nazi control

Nazi Germany attempted a genocide of Jews through concentration camps. Over 6 million people were killed

                     as a result

Hitler wanted to take out ____ first because it a major industrial center. The Soviet Union

                      counter-attacked and the entire German sixth army (considered the best of German troops) was forced to

                      surrender

U.S. planes were able to defeat Japanese air forces and the navy on _____ Island which gave the United States

                 control over the pacific

the historic invasion on the beaches of Normandy. Germany was slow to counter-attack the fighting because they

               thought it was a diversion to push throught the easier way. The Allies, instead, broke through German defensive

               lines and liberated Paris.

________ Conference: Roosevelt and Stalin agreed to split Germany into four parts after they had surrendered. They also

                                   agreed to give Poland a free election. The rest of Eastern Europe, however, was still under Soviet

                                   influence

_____ Conference - made the final plans of taking over Germany. The 2 front war in Germany caused consequences

                                       when Soviet and American-British forces met in Germany

Britain led a series of bombing raids in Germany with one of the worst being in ______. the bombing here

                   created a vast firestorm that may have killed 100,000 inhabitants