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World History Midterm Review
Renaissance to Nationalism
96
History
9th Grade
01/16/2012

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Cards

Term
Causes of the Renaissance in Italy
Definition
Desire for more wealth for material things, recover from plague, political instability, and decline in church power, and to emphasis the power of the individual.
Term
Causes of the Renaissance in Florence
Definition
Wealthy group of merchants wanted to establish a major-city state so they did. Medici family made the state a large cultural city in Italy.
Term
Milan's accomplishment
Definition
Created an efficient tax system that generated enormous revenues for the government.
Term
Venice's accomplishment
Definition
Became a major trading center that was very profitable and made them an international power.
Term
Florence's accomplishment
Definition
Medici family made Florence a major cultural city of Italy.
Term
Machiavelli's Political Ideas expressed in The Prince
Definition
A ruler's attitude toward power must be based on an understanding of human nature(self-centered), political activity should not be restricted by human morals.
Term
Italian Renaissance Artists
Definition
Leonardo Di Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo
Term
Humanism
Definition
Based on study of the literary works of Greece and Rome to become well-rounded citizens.
Term
Petrarch
Definition
Father of Italian Renaissance humanism.
Term
Changes from Medieval Art to Renaissance Art
Definition
Laws of perspective, realistic portrayal of a person, depth, proportion, 3D, Fresco, oil paints
Term
Fresco
Definition
Painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints.
Term
Effects of the Printing Press
Definition
Encouraged scholarly research and increased the public's desire to gain knowledge. New religious ideas spread rapidly.
Term
Principles of Christian Humanism
Definition
Goal was to reform the Catholic Church, believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves. It people read classics, they would become more religious.
Term
Desiderius Erasmus
Definition
Best known Christian humanist
Term
Martin Luther's main Beliefs
Definition
Monk and a professor in Germany, believed that humans were saved not through good works but through faith in God.
Term
95 Theses
Definition
95 complaints about the Catholic Church written by Martin Luther and were posted all around Germany. (Sale of indulgences)
Term
Effects of the Protestant Reformation
Definition
Luther's ideas spread around Europe like a revolution. The Catholic church loses power. Sparked the Catholic Reformation. (Response to Protestant ref.)
Term
John Calvin
Definition
Formed the religion "Calvinism" based on predestination. It meant that God had determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned.
Term
Henry VIII
Definition
King of England who wanted to divorce his wife, Catharine of Aragon, but the pope did not declare the marriage invalid. He enacted the Act of Supremacy in 1534.
Term
Act of Supremacy
Definition
Declared the king the supreme head on earth of the new Church of England. Gave the king control over religious doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline.
Term
Anabaptists
Definition
Believed true Christian church was a community of adult believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and had been baptized. Complete separation of church and state.
Term
Catholic Reformation
Definition
Led by the Jesuit missionaries who educated people all over the world of the Catholic Faith.
Term
Motives for Exploration
Definition
Adventure, Spread of religion, and wealth.
Term
3 New Innovations for Sea Travel
Definition
Astrolabe, Compass, and Triangular Sails
Term
5 Main Countries involved in Expansion
Definition
Spain, Portugal, England, Dutch, France
Term
Difference between Spanish and Portuguese exploration
Definition
Spain went west, Portugal went east.
Term
Treaty of Tordesillas
Definition
Set up a line of demarcation, everything unexplored to the east would belong to spain and to the west Portugal.
Term
Mercantilism
Definition
Prosperity of a nation depended on gold and silver, that came from colonies.
Term
Balance of Trade
Definition
Difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time.
Term
Colony
Definition
Settlement of people living in a new territory, under government control.
Term
Effects of exploration in Southeast Asia
Definition
Set up a major trading area between the European nations.
Term
Location of Ottoman Empire and how it helped them
Definition
Northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula and into the Balkans, making them a sea power.
Term
Siege of Constantinople
Definition
Under Mehmet II, the ottomans sieged the Byzantines with eighty thousand troops.
Term
Janissaries
Definition
Elite guard recruited from local Christian population, converted to Islam, and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to serve the sultan.
Term
Pashas
Definition
Officials that collected taxes, maintained law, and were responsible to the sultan's court in Constantinople.
Term
Harem
Definition
Private domain of the sultan.
Term
Grand Vizier
Definition
Chief minister that led the meetings of the council.
Term
Dominant religion of the Ottomans
Definition
Sunni Muslims
Term
Ulema
Definition
Group of religious advisers that administered the legal system and schools for educating Muslims.
Term
Ottoman Policy of Other Religions
Definition
Generally tolerant of non-Muslims. The non-Muslims paid a separate tax buit were allowed to practice their religion.
Term
Social Classes in the Ottoman Empire
Definition
Divided by occupation, the four main groups were peasants, artisans, merchants, and pastoral peoples.
Term
Problems with the Ottoman Empire
Definition
Sultans after Suleyman became less involved in the government, local officials were corrupt, constant wars depleted the treasury.
Term
Artistic Ottoman Achievements
Definition
Greatest creations were their mosques, also had textiles and rugs.
Term
Sinan
Definition
Ottoman architect that built 81 mosques.
Term
Suleyman the Magnificent
Definition
Greatest Ottoman ruler, executed cruel governors, created a well-ordered system.
Term
Founding of the Safavid Dynasty
Definition
Founded by Shah Ismail who used his forces to seize much of Iran and Iraq, called himself the shah of the new state.
Term
Location of the Safavid Dynasty
Definition
Modern day Iran and Iraq in between the Ottomans and Moguls.
Term
2 Main Ethnic Groups in the Safavids
Definition
Turkish and Persian People, the Safavids used Shiite Islam as a unifying force.
Term
Shah Abbas
Definition
Greatest Safavid ruler, allied with Europeans against the Ottomans to gain back lost territories.
Term
Use of Orthodoxy after Shah Abbas
Definition
Pressure increased for religious orthodoxy, women were forced into the wearing of the veil.
Term
Safavid Political Structure
Definition
Shah at the top, bureaucracy and landed classes in the middle, common people below.
Term
Reason for Safavid trade challenges
Definition
It was not a sea power like the Ottomans and Moguls.
Term
Safavid trade
Definition
Struggled to trade with Europe, but it did have a large and affluent urban middle class involved in trade.
Term
Key architectural elements of Isfahan
Definition
Palaces, mosques, bazaars, polo grounds, buildings richly decorated.
Term
Riza-i-Abbasi
Definition
Most famous artist of the period who created exquisite works on simple subjects.
Term
Founding of the Mogul Empire
Definition
Babur lead an army across the Khyber Pass into India. He captured Delhi and established power in North India.
Term
Akbar's attitude toward non-natives in the government
Definition
Very tolerant, the upper ranks of the government were filled with non-native Muslims.
Term
Zamindars
Definition
Local officials who kept a portion of the taxes paid by the peasants for a salary.
Term
Overall name for Akbar's rule
Definition
A Time of Progress
Term
Suttee
Definition
Cremating a widow on her husband's funeral pyre (banned by Aurangzeb)
Term
Reasons for the decline of the Moguls
Definition
Aurangzeb's policies led to Hindu outcries and domestic unrest. Revolts left the empire unstable, leading to Delhi being sacked by the Persians.
Term
Women's role in Mogul society
Definition
Were given some rights, but placed certain restrictions based on Islamic law.
Term
Greatest Architectural Achievement of the Moguls
Definition
The Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Muhal.
Term
Ptolemy
Definition
Proposed the Geocentric theory (Earth centered solar system)
Term
Copernicus
Definition
Proposed the Heliocentric theory (Sun centered solar system)
Term
Newton
Definition
Universal Law of Gravitation, explains why planets do not tumble off into space,
Term
Galileo
Definition
Supported the idea of the heliocentric solar system and was condemned by the church for heresy and put under house arrest for the rest of his life.
Term
William Harvey
Definition
Wrote "On the Motion of the Heart and Blood", discovered that blood circulation began at the heart not the liver.
Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
Looked at slices of cork and discovered cells.
Term
Leeuwenhoek
Definition
Made the 1st microscope to discover the unseen world.
Term
Linnaeus
Definition
Described thousands of plant species and taxonomy.
Term
Francis Bacon
Definition
Developed the scientific method.
Term
Descartes
Definition
Believed in rationalism, based on the belief that reason is the chief source of all knowledge.
Term
John Locke
Definition
Argued that everyone was born with a blank mind and that people were molded by the experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world.
Term
Rousseau
Definition
Argued that people had adapted laws and government in order to preserve their private property.
Term
Montesquieu
Definition
Wrote "The Spirit of the Laws"
Identified 3 basic kinds of gov't: Republics, Despotism, Monarchies.
Believed England had 3 branches of gov't:Executive, Legislative, Judicial.
Term
Adam Smith
Definition
Wrote "The Wealth of Nations" Gave gov't three basic roles: Protect society from invasion, defend citizens from injustice, keep public works.
Term
Voltaire
Definition
Fought against religious intolerance in France.
Term
Diderot
Definition
Wrote the "Encyclopedia" to change the general way of thinking.
Term
Salons
Definition
Elegant drawing rooms of wealthy upper class's great urban houses in which enlightenment ideas were spread.
Term
Problems in Pre-Revolutionary France
Definition
First and Second Estates were exempt from taxes, people living in poverty, unfair political system.
Term
Tennis Court Oath
Definition
Members of the National Assembly swore that they would meet in the indoor tennis court until they established a new constitution.
Term
Consulate
Definition
New government put into place by Napoleon.
Term
Civil Code
Definition
Napoleon's law system emphasizing equality of all citizens before the law.
Term
Congress of Vienna
Definition
Meeting in 1814 involving Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to arrange a final peace settlement.
Term
Leader at the Congress of Vienna
Definition
Klemens von Matternich
Term
Matternich's Beliefs
Definition
Monarchies should be restored throughout Europe.
Term
Conservatism
Definition
Political philosophy based on tradition and social stability. Hated revolutions, people should obey political authorities and have an organized religion.
Term
Principle of Intervention
Definition
The great powers adopted this principle allowing them to send armies into states having a revolution in order to restore the monarch to their throne.
Term
Liberalism
Definition
Philosophy based on Enlightenment principles, people should be as free as possible from government restraint.
Term
Nationalism
Definition
People should be unified with like customs, people owe their loyalty to the nation as a whole rather than one figure.
Term
Romanticism
Definition
New intellectual movement that emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing.
Term
Romantic Art Principles
Definition
Art is a reflection of the artist's inner feelings, painting should mirror the artist's vision of the world.
Term
Ludwig van Beethoven
Definition
Romantic music composer who used his emotions to create music.
Term
Romantic Poetry
Definition
Direct expression of the soul, worship of nature brought forth imagination.
Term
Bismarck's "Blood and Iron" speech
Definition
Speech given by Otto von Bismarck about unifying the German territories. (1862)
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