Term
| How does geography shape the artistic traditions in ancient societies? |
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Definition
| In Egypt because the flooding of the nile and the motion of the sun were so constant, they believed in permanancy so their art was mostly the same throughout time. |
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Term
| How do empires maintain their authority? |
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Definition
| In Rome in order to keep all of their people loyal, especially those people they conquered, they would grant citizenship to everyone in Rome and everyone they conquered. |
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Term
| In what way did Egyptians show a resistance to change and desire to preserve order and stability? |
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Definition
| They created pyramids which were so strong and stable that they would be around for a very long time. Also, when they prepaired dead bodies to be preserved for as long as possible. |
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Term
In Mesopotamia, what connections exists between: 1) geography and religion, 2) geography and government, 3) art and religion |
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Definition
1) Gods were seen as violent, unpredictable and punishing, similar to the unpredictable, violent floods of the Tigris-Euphrates river
2) City state governments were independent, separate governments due to tributaries
3) Votive figures were placed in ziggurats to pray for men when they were in fields |
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Term
| Hammurabi's Code of Laws: What does this code of laws reveal about Babylon society? |
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Definition
| That Babylon society was very strict |
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Term
| How did geography shape Phoenicians' way of life? |
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Definition
| Expanded westward and took up a seafaring way of life because great powers, like the Hitties and the Assyrians, blocked territorial expansion westward |
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Term
| Why did Phoenicians develop and alphabet? |
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Definition
| They could not afford to take expensive scribes along on every voyag, so they descovered a way to keep their records using only 22 symbols. |
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Term
| Why did Assyrians develop such cruel methods of empire administation? How is this a geography-government connection? |
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Definition
| Because Assyrians were located in such an unprotected place, they developed the most highly organized army in the world, which became known for its ruthless and brutal practices. |
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Term
| In what way were Assyrians an excellent example of a religion-government connection? |
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Definition
| Assyrians believed that once a plan for a military expedition had passed the tests of oracles and omens, it was deemed to be the will of the gods and could be pursued with ruthlessness, as a devine mission. |
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Term
| What were two different art-government connections in Assyria and how did they express Assyrian ideals? |
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Definition
Palace architecture reliefs and statues were most impressive
1) Winged lions --> brutal government
2) The Annals (historic records) show people celebrating atrocities they comitted |
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Term
| How was Judaism connected to geography? |
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Definition
| The struggle to occupy their prime location and fight off groups interested in possessing their land drew them closer to god and strengthening thier religion |
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Term
| What connections does monotheism have to technological developments? |
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Definition
| Because their was only one God it made everyone come together in order to obtain new technology, also everyone was equal so it gave everyone the change to share their ideas. |
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Term
| In what way did Judaism play a large part in creating the fundamental principles of Western thought? |
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Definition
| It was the root of all monotheistic religion |
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Term
| What were several individuals or developments that shaped the formation of a democracy in Athens? |
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Definition
The council: a geographically balanced body whose functions was to tie Athenians together regardless of where they lived or who they were related to. They would also prepare legislative prposals for the assembly
Assembly: a group of 6000 or so Athenians who wuold vote on all important state actions |
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Term
| How did Greek geography influence or shpae Greek way of life? |
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Definition
| 1) Mountains divided Greeks into spearate city states. Because of the lack of unity, wars broke out between to city states.Because they needed resources, it made the Greeks look outwards toward the sea and establish extensive trade networks, because of this Greece were continually influenced by new ideas from other lands |
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Term
| Is democracy compatible with empire? |
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Definition
| It can, but only as long as the government does not become corrupt. In Athens they flureshed as an empire and a democracy, but as time went on and their leaders became corrupt they faultered. |
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Term
| Why did Sparta develop into a military society which abhorred freedom of the individual and material indulgences? |
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Definition
| Sparta developed into a military society because why they conquered the Messenians and made them helots they started to revolt against the spartains. Out of fear of another revolt Sparta became a purly military society. |
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Term
| What were four aspects of Spartan society showing a life in a military society? |
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Definition
- Young boys were taken from their homes at the age of 7 and given to the state
- They were brought up in troops and were trained to follow military exercises
- Spartan babies were examined at birth and if they were not strong enough they were left in the hills to die
- Citizen were forbidden to engage in agriculture or business, their lives were devoted to military duties only
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Term
| What are the key characteristics of Legalism? |
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Definition
- Humans are believed to be naturally selfish
- Concentrates on bettering society (state)- doing what is good for the society at large
- The government should create a vast number of laws to control humans' behavior and limit their selfish nature
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Term
| What are the key characteristics of Daoism? |
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Definition
- The individual is more important than the society
- Freedom is more important than order
- Laws are unnecessary and artificial
- Avoids obstucting or innterfering with nature; alows the nature course of events to happen
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Term
| What are the key characteristics of Confucianism? |
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Definition
- For society to better itself, it needs a gentleman as a ruler - a person who has learned virtue
- Believes elders are superior to children and men are superior to women: this is to Confusius, the natural order
- Stives for moral perfection
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Term
| What is the connection between the Chinese king's power and oracle bones? |
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Definition
| Only the king could read the oracle bones so it gave him the power of knowing the future and making the decision that would bring China power. |
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Term
| In what way did Greek society emphasize rationality? Consider Greek drama, art, architecture, or thinkers like Plato, sophists, zeno, or socrates? |
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Definition
Greek Sculpture: Artists (such as Polycleitus) searched for laws controlling correct proportion
Sophists: Follow these laws of persuasion/debate and you will get what you want. Moral law= if you win the debate, might makes right |
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Term
| How is the classical definition of beauty (proportion, harmony, symmetry, ect.) congruent with - or at odds with - today's overall definition of beauty in the united states? In what way is a culture's definition of beauty connected to its technology, government, or religion? |
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Definition
1. Greece: mathematics
2. China: yin-yang
3. Today: in the eye of the beholder |
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Term
| What individuals, objects, or events were key to building empire in Rome? |
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Definition
| Aqueducts, Roads, Granting citizenship, gladiator fights, the corvus |
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Term
| Why did Rome fall? What factors were key to the Roman Empire's collapse? |
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Definition
| Christianity became a big part of the reason that Rome fell. Christianity offered equality to all the people and the chance to start over, so when word spread to Rome, many of the peasants left to have a better life. But because they left, Rome had no one to do all the labor and so it soon fell. |
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Term
| overarching question: besides knowledge, what else helps a person or group assert power? |
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Definition
China: Oracle bones
Nero: Father was emperor
Egypt: Cleopatra and her brother
Hittites: Their access to mountains with iron oars helped them win battles |
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Term
| what are four concrete examples of how Romans developed practical solutions to problems? |
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Definition
keep prisoners happy: gladiator fights
water: aquaducts (11)
people conquered wont revolt: grant citizenship
45,000 trying to enter and exit the coloseeum at the same time: add more entrances and exits |
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Term
| What causes one society to prize honor more than another? does out society place honor as highly as the romans? why or why not? what are examples of honor and lack of honor in out society? if honor has decreased in importance, why is that? |
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Definition
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Term
| How was the rise of christianity a threat to the roman empire? |
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Definition
| it took the slaves because they were offered equality to those of higher class in christianity |
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Term
| What were China's main inventions or products from the shang to han dynasties? |
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Definition
silk, bronze metal workings, and lacquer works plus the Chinese development of writing on oracle bones. |
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Term
| How do the ideas of Taoism, Legalism, and Confusianism conflict? |
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Definition
Taoism vs. Legalism: Taoism is very unstructured, it tells you to go along with nature and that the individual is more important than the society as whole. Laws are unrealistic and you have to go with what you believe. Legalism on the other hand is very centered around doing what’s best for the whole of the community and that the human is naturally selfish and the only way to demote the selfishness is to control them with laws.
Legalism vs. Confucianism: Confucianism is all about bettering ones self in order to become a gentleman while Legalism is all about bettering society as a whole and that the individual doesn’t matter.
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Term
| In what way was China's philosophies (both confusianism and taoism), medicine, and landscape painting centered around the themes of balance and harmony? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did the following help assert or maintain China's power: Whi Huag Ti's standardizing and legalist reforms, Great Wall of China, Mandate of Heaven, Confucian Imperial Exam System for Governent Bureaucracy, Han Government's control of silk trade? |
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Definition
Shi Huang Ti's Reforms: having the same measures, currency and language gave china a larger sense of unity
Great Wall: The great wall gave china the power of protection and it kept even the most dangerous enemies out
Mandate of Heaven: A message said to be from heaven, told the nobles that if they were good, and not selfish, they could rule
Confusian Exam System: The confusian exam system gave any average male of even to lowest class, the ability to become very rich and high ranking if he did well on the test |
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Term
| What is the connection between china's geography and confusianism? |
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Definition
| The land was covered in mountains divided by rivers, so when people would farm rice they were forced into very close quarters to one another. This forced people to have to be harmonious and act well because they were around each other for the majority of their time. |
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Term
| What were several factors that made the group a more dominant unit than the inividual in China? |
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Definition
| 1. Rice farming had to be done by many people 2. Silk was a very long and arduous process that had to be done my many 3. Family was a very large aspect of confusionism |
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Term
| How did geography affect technological development in China? |
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Definition
| The mountains supported the people because rice could be grown in very large amounts so many people could eat |
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Term
| What types of items were Chinese kings buried with? What does the fact that human sacrifice was included in the burial rituals tell about the kings' power? |
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Definition
| Dogs and items known to express wealth and status like bronze ceremonial vessels and war chariots. |
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Term
| Describe how silk was made. How was Chinese silk production similar to the Phoenician purple die? |
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Definition
| Mulberry trees were grown and then silkworms would eat the leaves and spin cocoons made of silk. Those cocoons then were unreeled and combined with 6 to 30 other fibers to made a usable thread. This is similar to the purple die because it took many, many snails and took a very long time to produce. Because of that, like silk, only the wealthy could wear clothing colored purple. |
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Term
| How do the stories "To Be Half Talented" and "Maybe" reveal Taoist ideas? |
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Definition
| Everything is not what it seems and nature is always changing. |
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Term
| What are the fundamentals of Islam? |
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Definition
The angel Gabriel came to Muhammad in Mecca and told him the word of God which he wrote down in the Koran, the holy book of Islam.
People following the Islam religion were given a choice between following the word of God or not. If you did you would go to heaven during your afterlife, but if not you were subjected to eternal damnation.
You also had to follow Islams 5 main pillars of faith. |
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Term
| What can be inferred about the nature of power by how power was built, maintained, and declined in Rome. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are different ways that Islam spread? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was Islams so successful in spreading and what was its impact on culture? |
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Definition
| Many poor families changed over to the Islamic culture because they were considered equal to all. Tribesmen went over because brotherhood and unification were very important aspects of Islam. Also warriors who served under the Islamic God were said to go straight to heaven, so many warriors joined too. |
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Term
| Who were the Spanish Moors and in what way did they exemplify the integration of different cultures that accompanies Islamic cultural diffusion? |
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Definition
| The Spanish Moors were the Islamic people who occupied the western countries. They made peace with the Jews and Christians to the west and created grand palaces where philosophers from all over came to share their ideas and thoughts. |
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Term
| Islams 5 Pillars (Part of Islams fundamentals) |
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Definition
1)one must profess their fate
2)pray five times a day
3)pay the charity tax
4)fast during Ramadan
5)know the the only spiritual force more powerful than Ramadan, is the pilgrimage to Mecca |
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