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| Woman Who Fell From The Sky |
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| An Iroquois creation story. Woman dug through the heavens to reach the water. She fell out of the sky. After landing on a turtle, she gives birth to twins. Twins are like yin and yang. |
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| The period of time immediately after the Big Bang. Matter expanded and congealed. Occured about 4.5 billion years ago. |
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- Gravity
- Electromagnetism
- Strong Nuclear
- Weak Nuclear
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| Over the course of 70 million years, life jumps from single cell organisms to complicated life forms. The atmosphere stabilizes. |
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| The Big Crunch and The Big Freeze |
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Two possible ends to the earth:
- The Big Crunch: Universe is like a slinky
- The Big Freeze: Universe will expand forever
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| In the Industrial Revolution in England, Peppered Moths evolved from speckled to all black to adapt to the soot levels. |
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| The earliest known Homonid (Australopithecus). Hips, thumbs, and stance indicate she was not an ape. |
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| Meant upright man. Existed 2 million to 500,000 years ago. Made tools. Engaged in hunting, migration, and controlled burning. |
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| Existed 250,000 to 30,000 years ago. Lived from Northern Africa to Europe. Coexisted with Homo Sapiens. Failed to adapt to changing climates. |
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| Upper Paleolithic Revolution |
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| Occured from Homo Erectus to 10,000 years ago. Tools emerged. Means the Old Stone Age. Tools started to improve dramatically. |
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| Agriculture starts to appear. Means the New Stone Age. Occured 15,000 to 10,000 years ago. As the ice age waned, humans could settle in new lands. Large population increase. |
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| The founder of political science. Argued that tools and laws brought humans out of a state of nature. Only the strongest survive. |
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| Argued that men are born free, but they live in chains. The state of nature is good. Garden of Eden theory. |
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| The first appearence of art and ritual. 14,000-16,000 years ago. Depictions of animals that are now extinct. |
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| Willendorf, Austria about 24,000 years ago. Figure carved from a nonnative stone. A representation of birth, fertility, and reproduction. |
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| Ancient community found in Southern Turkey from 6,700-5,700 B.C. At its height, about 10,000 people lived there. Not a city, as everyone performed the same duties. City rose as houses were built over the dead. |
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| Found in Northwestern India from 2,600 B.C. 40,000 people at its peak. It was a planned city: public spaces, wells, graneries, social classes, trade. |
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| A life of living off of herds of animals. Used meat, milk, and fur. |
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| A tribe governed by a chief. Society consisted of bands of families. Class determined by lineage. Chief redistributes the wealth. |
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| Early form of writing. It was key to the emergence of states. Appeared in Mesopotamia in 3,200. Record keeping, taxes, crime enforcement, standardization are outcomes. |
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| Son of Philip and student of Aristotle. Became ruler of Macedonia at 20. Defeated Darius. Empire spread to India. Mixed legacy--spread culture, but acted like a god. |
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| 1200-600 B.C. non-agricultural society. They were excellent sea farers. Many were wealthy merchants and well educated. They developed the first alphabet. |
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| A Greek lawgiver of Athens. Proposed democracy as an ideal system. |
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| Means homeland (600 B.C.) The place were people gathered to make decisions. Becomes a political entity. Symbolized democracy. |
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- Phalanx: A way to organize military. Shoulder to shoulder. Part of democraxy
- Hoplite: Individual soldiers. Few died in battles
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| Barracks that men would go to from 7-30. Must continue to go back daily until the age of 60. |
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| Arose in Athens with Scorates, Plato, Aristotle. Connected laws of man to laws of nature. |
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| 470-399 B.C. Philosopher. Challenged the claim that he was the wisest person on earth. Proved it to be correct. Sentenced to death. Complied to uphold the system. |
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| Initially only the wealthy. They voted on expenditures. |
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| The Struggle of The Orders |
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| 494-287 B.C. Plebeians v. the wealthy class. Eventually the Plebeians gain rights. Institute Tibunes (addressed the senate; veto power) and Censors (most respected and senior people watched over). |
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| Rule by elected officials. Values placed on self-sacrifice, stoicism, and public service. |
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| 476-221 B.C. Various Chinese regions tried to obtain rulership after the dynasties were overthrown. |
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| Conquered all of China in 221 B.C. Declared emperor. Made very powerful central government. Great Wall and standardization. Burned Confucians alive. Upset people--son was overthrown. |
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| Was at one point the dominant city in the Mediterranean. Defeated by Rome in the Punic Wars. 2nd featured Hanibal and elephants. |
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| Code that the emperor ruled based on a moral order sent from heaven. Emphasized justice, fairness, morality. Bad emperors should be overthrown. |
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| Ideology based on the fact that society is established through ever-changing unequal relationships. Acceptance leads to happiness. |
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| One of two generals with Pompey. Brought army into Rome and defeated Pompey during civil wars. Named dictator. Stabbed to death by friends. |
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| The Principate of Augustus |
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| After Augustus defeated Mark Antony and became ruler, he changed laws to allow him to assume all offices. Brought peace. Pax Romana. |
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| The Crisis of the 3rd Century |
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| 235-284. Many emperors and political instability. Disease and outside pressure wreak havok. |
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| The Dominate of Diocletian |
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| 284-305. Abandoned the Participate. Acted like a king to renew stability. Empire was far too weak. Divided empire into regions. |
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| The merging of Persian and Greek culture. Emphasized diversity, art, and culture. Asserted itself in the wake of the Roman Empire. |
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