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| The Son of God that came to earth to bring salvation unto man and give immortality to those who believed in Him and followed HisTeachings |
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| Delivered by Jesus some time after the beginning of his ministry in 27 C.E. The message in the Sermon is set firmly within the Jewish tradition, Jesus urges his listeners to a commitment to righteousness, which he defines with poignant simpliciy. Matthew 5, 6, and 7. |
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| First Roman Emperor to convert to Christanity; issued the Edict of Milan which proclaimed religious tolerance of all religions throughout the empire; in 380 AD, Eperor recognized Christanity as offical and only legal religion; Doctrinal disputes led him to call all the heads of churches together : Council of Niceal (a 1st) He built a new imperal residence in place of Byzantium, naming it Constantinople, which later became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire |
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| Formed by Constantine because of doctrinal disputes: Over the nature of Jesus and God; Council of Niceal = all the heads of church leaders throughout Christiandom. o Bishops assumed control over church government and defined the Divinity of Jesus. |
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| A prophet of God; Discontinted by the immoral behavior of his generation, he is visted several times by the Angel Gabriel; he is given God's Word in Arabic to warn the people of their morality, that there is one God |
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| The Word of God given to Muhammad by the Angel Gabriel in the Arabic language. The only book of their faith. |
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| Beliefs: One God; Prayer (5/day); Fast during the month of Ramadan; Give generously to poor; Make a haj/pilgrimage to Mecca; judgement day/paradise. provided Arab society with uity, discipline and organization. |
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Olmec Civilization (1500-300 B.C,) |
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| laid foundations for later Mesoamerican societies; Teopihuacan, the first metropolist of Mesoamerica; an advanced urban culture; were wealthy; technically efficient; artistic; possessed writing system; built pyramids (e.g La Venta) |
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| They are thought of as being the Greeks of the Western hemisphere; a culturally and interlectually advanced culture; Itzamma (Lizzard)-supreme god (human characteristics like Greece)Polytheistic; is not an unified empire-no one ruler; patchwork of independent city states ruled by hereditry priest-kings; often at conflict with one another; kings were intermediaries between the gods and earth; looked on as descendents from the gods; no capital; pyramids were used for human sacrifice to honor the gods; "Popul Vul" tied to religion; made the first solar calendar (ends 2012) just by observing the heavens 18 months-20 days; 1 w/5 days; nake eye; calculated time into various sets/sectors and ends calendar at December 2012 (end of the world?); elaborate writing systems; heiroglyphic (undesypherded until recent decades)done with carvings; advance mathematics system based around the # 20; they also have a bible of sorts Popul Vul (Bible);the beliefs systems-how things came to be; what was their purpose on life; the nature of gods; creations, etc. the purpose for creating man/animals is to worship the gods; honor the gods through blood-letting; |
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| there was a period of disorder/chaos; dominated the Central Mexican coast; have a centralize capital - Tenochtitlan (Mexico City); one ruler-Emperor; unifying god Huizdopchile represented by the sun blazing in the sky (War God); not a centralized state - war becomes an article of faith; the continue to war and conquer, the conquered are given autonomy-left to govern themselves; expected to pay tribute to the Aztec ruler and supply individuals for sacrafice; powerful military that conquered states and left them intact; as long as they did what they were told. taking people as prisoners of war they were appeasing the gods; Montezma, celebrated 5000. |
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| Lived in the Highland Valeys; 350,000 mies along the coast of South America; various ethnic group, over 16 million; Religious ideology simulated imperialist expansion (limitation on what you can conquer); Cult of the Royal mummies (ancestral worship); principle of 'split inheritance' - must prove yourself for your reign; when a king dies, his territory remains with his family; Piccle Emperor -- created a vast number of roads and briges; it was death to anyone that burned a bridge; Policy of Imperal unification/colonization; imposed their culture on the people they conquered |
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| The Bible of the Mesoamericans: from the Olmec, Aztics, and Myans civilization. Up until recent decades, it had not been translated. |
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LiYuan (618-26); Taizowg (626-39);
Empire extended/ becames dominant power in East Asia; perfected a highly centralized government; complex bureaucracy with separate departments of states; East Asia is a super power compared to U.S.A.; justice, military, revenue, civil service exames; department heads had to be degree holders from government schools or universities; they had to pass the rigorous civil service examination-used to requite government officials; canidates had to master Confucian classics, poetry, practical government administation. |
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In medieval agriculture, the practice of dividing the arable land into three fields so that one could lie fallow while the others were planted in winter grains and spring crops.
an association of people with common interests and concerns, especially people working in the same craft. |
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| In medieval Europe, guilds came to control much of the production process and to restrict entry into various trades. |
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| Gregory VII (Investiture struggle) |
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| the philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools, which emphasized rigorous analysis of contradictory authorities; often used to try to reconcile faith and reason. |
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| the outbreak of plague (mostly bubonic) in the mid-fourteenth century that killed from 25 to 50 percent of Europe’s population. |
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| Romanesque/Gothic Architecture |
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| the crisis in the late medieval church when there were first two and then three popes; each pope excommunicates each other; total division from within Papacy: ended by the Council of Constance (1414–1418). |
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| a movement in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Europe that held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with a general church council, not the pope; emerged in response to the Avignon papacy and the Great Schism and used to justify the summoning of the Council of Constance (1414–1418). |
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| An Englishman that raised questions against the Catholic church; his followers were known as Lollards. Jan Hus was another who questioned the Catholic Church |
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| an intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based upon the study of the Greek and Roman classics. An intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance that saw Cicero, who was both an intellectual and a statesman, as the ideal and held that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state. |
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| Machiavelli: born in Florence, the son of a struggling lawyer; a brilliant student, received a sound humanist education; became a diplomat of the Republic of Florence; exiled when the Republic was overthrown. This is where he wrote The Prince: a treatise on the art of governing successfully. He had hoped this would allow him to return to government service. This book has remained one of the classics of Western political theory. |
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| Paul the Apostle (10-67 C. |
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| An Apostle of Jesus of Nazareth; a Roman citizen, considered a devout Jew that lived by the Moaic docturine; pursecuted the Christians until he was converted. No longer an enemy of the Christian, he bagan to help spread Christianity throughout the region in Europe, one of the first missionaries. Paul's contribution was tow-fold some believed that this message should be for the Jesw exclusively; other, including Paul believed that his message was universal, for everyone and every nation. He actibely sets out to do this ; and it was embraced by everyone; through his journeys, Christ's message sprad throught the Middle East, Medditerian and the rest of the ares of Europe; Author of most of the New Testament in the form of letters; intended for the earl Christian communities throughout the Roman Empire; clarifying points of docturine, giving encouragement during persecution times; trying to brin uniformalty to early church doctrine one point was wheather Jesus was the Messiah and Paul declares that He was and that Jesus had established a 'kingdom'- it was a spiritual kingdom that everyone could get into it if they believed in His teachings and followed His teachings. Paul had an impressive body of work that strengthened the early church and allowed it to grow (slowly). You can't underestimate his influence on the early Church. |
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