Panama Canal

(1914)

- Took over 20 years to build; hard to build due to climate and terrain: hilly, trees, rain (mudslides burried tools)

1.) Impact on trade: Provided short vuts for trade

2.) Made regions around Canals change military geography

3.) 1,000's of workers died of probable disease (milaria)

4.) Created Biological & Environmental consequences

(Mixing waters)

Suez Canal

(1869)

- Massive project, built by France & Egypt

- Easier to dig: Dry, flat land, sandy

- Connected Med. Sea to others

- Huge trade advantage: helped move ships from place to place

-Suez Crisis (1956): France Tried to take over Egypt & Canal

Oceanography

(1970's)

-Scientific Study of Ocean

- was a relatively new science then

- 1st expedition was British ship

"Boat People"

(Mid 1970's)

-Political Refugees 

- Fleeing from Vietnam over Ho Chi Minh 

- After WWII

H.M.S. Bounty

(1789)

- Small merchant vessel purchased by Royal Navy

- Sent out to bring breadfuit plants across Pacific Ocean over to British possessions in West Indies

- Mission was never completed due to disagreements

H.M.S. Challenger

(1858)

- Steam assisted Royal Navy ship

- Sent out to Travel oceans, collect samples and gather data

H.M.S. Beagle

(1820)

-Cherokee Class 10 guns-sloop of Royal Navy

- Charles Darwin sailed aboard on second survey voyage: making it one of famous ships in world

Charles Darwin

(19th C)

- Came from wealthy background

- Sailed on H.M.S. Beagle, on a mission to map the coast line of South America

- Everyday life on boat was cramped and under Strict Naval requirements

Richard Henry Dana

( 19th C)

- College Student, left because of his eyes, became sailor (2 yrs)

- Sailed on trading ship to South America, constantly doing tedeous jobs

Ghengis Khan

(1162–1227)

- Founder and Emperor of Mongol Empire (largest continuous Empire in world after death)

- Began expanding empire

- Empire stretched from Black Sea to Pacific Ocean

Settler Colony

(17th C)

- A substacial amount of Europeans came to New World to create of new life permanently

- Took possession of land and cultivated it

- US, Canada, Argentina, Euraguay, Australia

Non-Settler Colony

(17th C)

- Small but powerful groups of white planters

- concerned mainly with managing and supervising the exploitation of resources to return to their home land

" Civilization Mission"

(19th-20th C)

- Europeans believed they were superior

- Made it their mission & duty to spread their religion and beliefs to others around the world,

 by conquering them

Hind Swaraj

(1909)

- "Indian Home Rule"

- Book written by Ghandi

- Gives giagnosis for problems of humanity in moder times, the causes and the remedy

Cold War

(1946-1989)

- Conflict between USSR and US

- Democracy & Capitalism vs Communism

          (USA)                     (USSR)

- War of diplomacy, spying & allies

-Became an arms race: trying to one up eachother

OPEC

(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)

(1960)

"Mare Liberum"

(17th C)

- Europe adopts this policy

- Freedom of the Sea's

"Whale Rider"

(2002)

- Film

- Set in indiginour Maori community (a former settler colony in New Zealand)

- a 12-year-old girl struggling to become the chief of the tribe, a role traditionally reserved for males.

"Territorial Waters"

(1982)

- waters along a country's coastline which are a natural boundary between neighboring countries 

- Area 3 nautical miles from low tide point

- hoping to assert control

Exclusive Economic Zone

 (20th C)

- Seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources

- Area 200 mi. out

- Your country decides who fishes, mines, etc.

"Innocent Passage"

(20th C)

- allows for a vessel to pass through the territories of another state subject to certain restrictions. 

- No trouble

"Flags of Convenience"

(1940's)

Torrey Canyon

(1967)

-Spilling of 1/2 of 20,000 tons of oil in ocean off coast of England

- Nobody knew how to clean it up

- Realized they needed laws/ regulations

Exxon Aldez

(1989)

- Contaminated 2,500 mi. off of coast line of Alaska

- Cost $11 billion to clean

Titanic

(1912)

- Powered by steam engines

- Largest ship

- 882 ft long

- 92 ft wide

Lusitania

(1907)

- British ocean liner powered by steam engine

- Ship was torpedoed by Germany during WWII

Privateer

(20th C)

- States sanctioned pirates with liscence or permision from home government

- given permission to attack enemy ships

- Whale tooth

- Rituals & prayers

-Traditions

- Gender roles

- marraige expectations

- Special greetings

Containters

(20th C)

- Standard shipping container (TEU)

-variety of sizes

- worlds largest container ship = Maresk: 1302 ft long & 183 ft wide

- as of 2006 containers could transport 11,000 TEU's

Mariel Boatlift

(1980)

- 125,000 Cubans head to Maimi by boat

- both economical & political refugees

Ghawar Oil Field

(1948)

-Saudi Arabia

- Biggest oil field in the world

Non-aligned movement

(1945-89)

Industrial Revolution

(1750-1850)

-Started in England

- Time when factories and manufacturing became important

- Huge impact on England & around the world

- Steam engines revolutionized

Ho Chi Minh

(1965)

North Vietnamese Army Takes over Vietnam

- Forcing vietnamese to leave

- Vietnamese refugees leave on boats

Maquiladoras

(20th C)

-assembly plant or manufacturing facility in Mexico that is owned or run by the U.S. or other foreign interests 

* North American free trade agreement in 1944 led to better working conditions in factories

TEU

(Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit)

- a measure used for capacity in

container transportation

- Has become the main way for transpertation

Captain Thomas Phillip

(17th C)

- Captain of trading ships

- Used slaves as "goods"

Taino

(15th C)

- A type of tribe in Cuba

- They were driven Northeast in the Caribbean by Caribs

Cape Colony

(1652)

- Part of South Africa

- established by the Dutch East Indian Company

- Was occupied by British in 1795

- remained a British Empire till the formation of Union of South Africa in 1910

- Renamed Cape of Good Hope

Marians Trench

- Deepest part of the world ocean's

- Located in Western Pacific Ocean

- East of Mariana Islands

- Over seven miles deep

Pirate

(before 1400's-now)

- People who rob other people at sea

- not nice people

- Armed with the latest weaponry

- see where trade is happening and rules break down

Nuclear Submarines

(20th C)

- Submarines powered by nuclear reactor

- Held nuclear weapons

- Military technoloies durring WWII

- I way to keep weapons moving & hidden= ultimate weapon

Paikea

- Maori Tradition Ancestor

- He was assisted by humpback whales to survive

- "Whale Rider"

Shipbreakers

(1980's)

- South Asia

- break down ships, using metal to build other ships

- saved money by not having to transport the ship to a ship yard

- got old unused ships off sea

- Source of living for breakers, took pride in their hard work & labor

- chemicals that came off were bad causing disease/ death 

* 700 ships a year broken down

Sonar

(20th C)

- Used during WWII 

- Military technology to detect submarines

- Connect to fishing today

St.Lawrence Seaway

(1959)

- Third most economically important man made water way in the world

- runs form Deluth Minnesota through great lakes, leading to North Atlantic

- Took existing rivers, lakes & widened them/ made lock 

- Created for continuous trade

Eniwetok Atoll

(1944)

- a large coral atoll of 40 Islands in Pacific

- A battle of the Pacific around WWII

- Forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of Marshal Islands

Emma Maersk

(Launched 2006)

- Unveiled the shipping line 180 wide

- 11,000 containers carried

- first container ship in the E-class

Deterrence

(20th C)

- Used durring WWII

- act of impeding by means of threat of fear

- nuclear attacks

"Spheres of Influence"

(20th C)

- An area or region over which a state or organization has significant cultural, economic, military or political influence

- Angola, Vietnam, Congo

Abolition

- the act of cancellation of a system or practice or institution

- outlawing of slavery in US

Bartolomé de las Casas

(1484-1566)

- Spanish Dominican Priest

- Advocate for Natives in New World

- Writer

- First resident Bishop of Chiapas

Manila Galleons

(1585-1815)

- Target of Privateers

- Spanish ships, convoys sailed yearly

- Convoys sailed from Spanish colonies in US

- Loaded up with silver/treasures from Peru and brought to Manila

- Maximum rate of patrolium extraction

- After the rate of production enters terminal decline

 (Period of falling reserves and supply)