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| Two Treatises on Government (1690), Social Contract, Life Liberty and Property, Tabula Raza |
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Spirit of the Laws (1748),
A. Suggested that different places/ Cultures required different forms of government.
B. Separation of powers
C. Believed with Voltaire that Islam was despotic (disagreeing with other thinkers like John Toland, Edward Gibbon, and Lady Montagu) |
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| Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), |
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| Commentaries of the Laws of England (1765-1769), |
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| On the Wealth of Nations (1776), (free market), The Enlightenment. |
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| Early Form of Slavery- Poor Europeans and Time-Limited to 7 years. |
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| Tobacco, Rice, Merchant Marine |
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A. Most slaves were encouraged to marry to discourage running away
B. African Traditions
C. Till death or distance do us part
D. Problem after emancipation. Main problem slavery had a “retirement plan” you were fed and clothed and taken care of until you died. |
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| Covert Type of Resistance- Stories Like Bre'er Rabbit (precursor to Bugs Bunny) |
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1794 France Banned slavery
B. Made C-in-C of French forces Haiti
C. Gained Haitian independence in 1802 |
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| prince captured at the age of 11 and gives a detailed about of capture to slavery. Wrote the book the life of Ouladdah Equianno. |
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(1753-1784)
B. Purchased as a child
C. Fluent writing in English and Latin
D. Americas first poet
E. Grateful for her capture because it introduced her to Christianity
F. Fervent patriot during the revolution
G. Became symbol to early abolitionists against growing ideas of racial inferiority
H. Eulogized George Whitefield |
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(1756-1763)
A. a.k.a. “The Seven Years’ War” and “The French and Indian War”
B. England, France, and Spain had been at recurring war since 1689, frequently spilling over into the colonies
C. Outcomes:
1. French lost Canada
2. Colonists had continued to trade with French (angering British)
3. British had acted arrogantly with Colonists
4. George Washington emerged as military hero by creating Fort Necessity outside Pittsburgh, PA with 150 men in 175 |
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| of 1763: attacks led by Ottowa Chief Pontiac led the British to make this agreement |
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1765): first direct tax in the colonies
c. revolts led by Sons of Liberty in Boston led most Stamp Act agents to resign
d. Stamp Act Congress: conceded Parliament’s right to tax, BUT not without representation
e. Widespread boycott led to repeal
f. Declaratory Act asserted England’s right to tax |
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(1770)
a. drunken mob harassed 9 British soldiers
b. someone yelled “fire”, 5 civilians killed
c. first killed was former slave Crispus Attuks
d. 10,000 (of 16,000 Bostonians) marched in funeral
e. 2 soldiers discharged; Townshend Acts repealed |
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(1773)
1. Tea Act required colonists to buy tea from British East India Company
2. Dec. 16, 1773
a. Sons of Liberty – headed by Samuel Adams and John Hancock – led 150 men disguised as Mohawk Indians
b. Three ships in Boston Harbor boarded and their cargo dumped into the Harbor
c. Other colonies followed suit |
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(1774)
1. Port Bill: closed Boston Harbor until tea was paid for
2. Massachusetts Regulating Act: nullifying MA charter
3. Quebec Act: granting widespread privileges to Canada
4. Quartering Act: allowed army to demand food and shelter from colonists |
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| Declaration of Rights and Grievances |
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1. penned by John Adams
2. explained reasons for discontent
3. promoted policy of no taxation without representation
4. conceded Britains right to regulate trade |
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called for MA colonists to begin collecting arms
A. The war is all but begun… I know not what course others may take, but as for me… Give me Liberty or Give met Death!—Patrick Henry, Virginia, March, 1775 |
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| Battle of Lexington and Concord |
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| Beginning of the War, Between the Colonists and British |
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| British colonial military Unit, Composed of Slaves that had escaped from patriot masters. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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H. July 2 - July 4: DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
I. “We must hang together…or we will most certainly all hang separately- Benjamin Franklin |
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C. Sept.-Oct.: Battle of Saratoga
1. major American victory
2. Europe convinced to back Colonists |
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1783: Sept. 3 – Treaty of Paris signed
A. U.S. negotiators: Franklin, J. Adams, and John Jay
B. British recognize U.S.
C. NW Territory (IN, IL, OH, KY) given to U.S.
D. U.S. encompasses all area between Canada and Spanish Florida, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River
E. U.S. debt: $77 million |
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| Differences b/w American and French Revolution |
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| B. May 5, 1789: the Estates General met, with double representation of the third estate (the commoners(peasant class)); the King ordered that all voting would be done by estate rather than numbers, eliminating the numeric advantage of the commoners. |
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| D. June 20, 1789:L16 suspends the Estates General, prompting the body to meet across the street at a tennis courth with all the national assembly the Tennis Court Oath = after the King suspended the Estates General, members met in a neighboring tennis court, vowing not to leave until a constitution was written |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
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F. August 27, 1789: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
1. based on English and American precedent
2. guaranteed rights to all men
3. resulted in Marie-Olympe de Gouges’s “Declaration of the Rights of Women”, promoting happiness to all French citizens |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Women |
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| in Marie-Olympe de Gouges’s “Declaration of the Rights of Women”, promoting happiness to all French citizens |
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G. Democratic organizations, like the Jacobins led by Maximilien Robespierre, sprang up all over France.
H. Robespierre called “The Incorruptable” |
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| C. June 17, 1789: the third estate formed the National Assembly, calling on all to join; in essence committing treason against the French government |
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| J. September 3, 1791: Constitution of 1791 = legislation would come from one house of parliament, leaving the right to veto to the king; replacing the National Assembly with the Legislative Assembly |
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| Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette |
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(1793-1794):
a. led by Robespierre (though never officially a dictator)
b. meant to suppress counter-revolutionary insurrection
c. denounced by the American government |
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M. August 22, 1795: The Directory established by the Constitution of 1795
1. citizenship extended to all men 21-years and older
2. all citizens could vote
3. bicameral legislature
a. Council of Five Hundred
b. Council of the Ancients
4. five-member executive (The Directory)
5. Bicameral Legislature(Council of 500; and council of the Ancients)
6. freedom of the press extended (but could be limited by the Directory)
7. political clubs suppressed |
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| is the French civil code, established under Napoléon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified.[1] |
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| Confederation of the Rhine |
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| dismantled the Holy Roman Empire and ceded all German lands except Austria and Prussia to France |
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| (June 18): Napoleon defeated by Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia. |
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Meeting of European monarchs
a. agreement among nations to no longer seek continental empire |
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